We live in an age of linguistic diversity increased greatly by globalization, the
movement of people across borders, and the widespread acquisition of additional
languages by individuals in their own countries. All of these factors have
led to an increase in the number of second-language learners and the kinds of
contexts in which they are learning languages.
This chapter is about the social and sociolinguistic context of present-day foreign
and second-language learning and teaching. In examining the social context
of language learning, we focus on how language teaching contexts are affected
by the larger social, political, and educational setting in which the teaching takes
place. In examining the sociolinguistic context of language teaching, we focus on
how the linguistic features of interactions, both inside and outside of the classroom,
are affected by the social context in which the interaction takes place.
Our division is in many ways similar to a traditional distinction made in the
field of sociolinguistics where one of the major debates is whether to take social
or linguistic factors as primary in investigating the relationship between the
social context and language variables. As evidence of this debate, Wardaugh
(1992) and others make a distinction between the sociology of language and sociolinguistics.
Whereas the sociology of language investigates the manner in which
social and political forces influence language use, sociolinguistics takes linguistic
factors as primary in its investigations of language and society.
In keeping with this distinction, the first part of the chapter focuses on two
areas of investigation typically studied in the sociology of language that influence
the social context of language learning: language planning and policy, and
societal multilingualism. The second part of the chapter focuses on two areas of
investigation typically studied in what Wardhaugh terms sociolinguistics: language
contact and variation, and ethnographic sociolinguistics. The final section of
We live in an age of linguistic diversity increased greatly by globalization, the
movement of people across borders, and the widespread acquisition of additional
languages by individuals in their own countries. All of these factors have
led to an increase in the number of second-language learners and the kinds of
contexts in which they are learning languages.
This chapter is about the social and sociolinguistic context of present-day foreign
and second-language learning and teaching. In examining the social context
of language learning, we focus on how language teaching contexts are affected
by the larger social, political, and educational setting in which the teaching takes
place. In examining the sociolinguistic context of language teaching, we focus on
how the linguistic features of interactions, both inside and outside of the classroom,
are affected by the social context in which the interaction takes place.
Our division is in many ways similar to a traditional distinction made in the
field of sociolinguistics where one of the major debates is whether to take social
or linguistic factors as primary in investigating the relationship between the
social context and language variables. As evidence of this debate, Wardaugh
(1992) and others make a distinction between the sociology of language and sociolinguistics.
Whereas the sociology of language investigates the manner in which
social and political forces influence language use, sociolinguistics takes linguistic
factors as primary in its investigations of language and society.
In keeping with this distinction, the first part of the chapter focuses on two
areas of investigation typically studied in the sociology of language that influence
the social context of language learning: language planning and policy, and
societal multilingualism. The second part of the chapter focuses on two areas of
investigation typically studied in what Wardhaugh terms sociolinguistics: language
contact and variation, and ethnographic sociolinguistics. The final section of
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