Local Capital Budgeting 325
to authorize specific projects.A CIP is a multiyear forecast of major capital infrastructure, building, equipment, and other capital needs; the project appropriations or spending that must be incurred to make those needs a reality; the sources of financing for the projects; and the impact of the projects on future operating budgets.The CIP includes the higher-priority capital needs that have been identified in the initial planning stages,and it documents the specific benefits and costs of individual projects. The CIP is essentially a plan, with projects and spending in the first year of the CIP forecast period typically becoming the recommended capital budget for that year. Most CIPs forecast five or six years into the future.Experience suggests that this provides sufficient time to identify and plan most capital projects and arrange financing for them, yet is not so long as to result in too much “wish listing.”Although 5 or 6 years is the norm, some jurisdictions find it useful to extend the CIP forecast period to 10 years or even longer.These are usually fast-growing communities that face many major new capital improvement needs. The out-year projections in these CIPs are typically more general than the near-term projections.A jurisdiction with a five- or six-year CIP can accommodate needs in the years beyond that period by including a list ofprojects that are not in the CIP but that remain under consideration. Some smaller local governments have CIP planning periods of only three or four years.Such a forecast period is suitable when most capital projects are modest in size. Table 10.2 presents a prototype summary form of a CIP with a six-year forecast period for a city’s general fund. A general fund supports public safety, streets, schools, and other governmental services that are financed with general taxes and revenues.The essential feature of a CIP is the apportionment of project spending, financing, and operating budget effects among the years of the CIP forecast period.The columns in table 10.2 designated “prior years”and “current year”are for capital projects that are in process. The column labeled “year 1 budget” is for capital projects and spending that will occur in the upcoming year.Such projects and spending may be considered to be the recommended capital budget for that year.The amounts in this column may include spending for projects in process that were begun in earlier years and spending for new projects getting under way in the budget year.The columns for year 2 through year 6 are for capital projects and spending that are planned for one or more of those years. The CIP is conceived ofas an annual process,and most jurisdictions with a CIP repeat it each year.Annual repetition provides for a recurring assessment of capital needs and updates the CIP to account for new needs and changing conditions. Use of a CIP presumes that capital needs are foreseen and that requests will be placed initially in the CIP in one ofthe distant planning years.
325 งบประมาณทุนท้องถิ่นto authorize specific projects.A CIP is a multiyear forecast of major capital infrastructure, building, equipment, and other capital needs; the project appropriations or spending that must be incurred to make those needs a reality; the sources of financing for the projects; and the impact of the projects on future operating budgets.The CIP includes the higher-priority capital needs that have been identified in the initial planning stages,and it documents the specific benefits and costs of individual projects. The CIP is essentially a plan, with projects and spending in the first year of the CIP forecast period typically becoming the recommended capital budget for that year. Most CIPs forecast five or six years into the future.Experience suggests that this provides sufficient time to identify and plan most capital projects and arrange financing for them, yet is not so long as to result in too much “wish listing.”Although 5 or 6 years is the norm, some jurisdictions find it useful to extend the CIP forecast period to 10 years or even longer.These are usually fast-growing communities that face many major new capital improvement needs. The out-year projections in these CIPs are typically more general than the near-term projections.A jurisdiction with a five- or six-year CIP can accommodate needs in the years beyond that period by including a list ofprojects that are not in the CIP but that remain under consideration. Some smaller local governments have CIP planning periods of only three or four years.Such a forecast period is suitable when most capital projects are modest in size. Table 10.2 presents a prototype summary form of a CIP with a six-year forecast period for a city’s general fund. A general fund supports public safety, streets, schools, and other governmental services that are financed with general taxes and revenues.The essential feature of a CIP is the apportionment of project spending, financing, and operating budget effects among the years of the CIP forecast period.The columns in table 10.2 designated “prior years”and “current year”are for capital projects that are in process. The column labeled “year 1 budget” is for capital projects and spending that will occur in the upcoming year.Such projects and spending may be considered to be the recommended capital budget for that year.The amounts in this column may include spending for projects in process that were begun in earlier years and spending for new projects getting under way in the budget year.The columns for year 2 through year 6 are for capital projects and spending that are planned for one or more of those years. The CIP is conceived ofas an annual process,and most jurisdictions with a CIP repeat it each year.Annual repetition provides for a recurring assessment of capital needs and updates the CIP to account for new needs and changing conditions. Use of a CIP presumes that capital needs are foreseen and that requests will be placed initially in the CIP in one ofthe distant planning years.
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