Tellingly, most existing Granger causality studies of the energy-GDP nexus for Malaysia, which employ a bivariate framework, have failed to fi nd evidence of cointegration and long-run causality, re fl ecting the use of a bivariate
Tellingly, most existingGranger causality studies of the energy-GDP nexus for Malaysia,which employ a bivariate framework, have failed to fi nd evidence ofcointegration and long-run causality, re fl ecting the use of a bivariate