Glycine betaine (GB) and proline are two major organic osmolytes that accumulate in a variety of plant species in response to environmental
stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, UV radiation and heavy metals. Although their actual roles in plant osmotolerance remain
controversial, both compounds are thought to have positive effects on enzyme and membrane integrity along with adaptive roles in mediating
osmotic adjustment in plants grown under stress conditions. While many studies have indicated a positive relationship between accumulation
of GB and proline and plant stress tolerance, some have argued that the increase in their concentrations under stress is a product of, and not
an adaptive response to stress. In this article, we review and discuss the evidence supporting each of these arguments. As not all plant species
are capable of natural production or accumulation of these compounds in response to stress, extensive research has been conducted examining
various approaches to introduce them into plants. Genetically-engineered plants containing transgenes for production of GB or proline have thus far
faced with the limitation of being unable to produce sufficient amounts of these compounds to ameliorate stress effects. An alternative “shot-gun”
approach of exogenous application of GB or proline to plants under stress conditions, however, has gained some attention. A review of the literature
indicates that in many, but not all, plant species such applications lead to significant increases in growth and final crop yield under environmental
stresses. In this review article, numerous examples of successful application of these compounds to improve plant stress tolerance are presented.
However, to streamline useful and economic applications of these compounds, further investigations are needed to determine the most effective
concentrations and number of applications as well as the most responsive growth stage(s) of the plant. All these factors may vary from species to
species. Furthermore, a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of exogenously applied GB and proline is expected to aid their effective
utilization in crop production in stress environments.
© 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.