So now this essay is a critical study of various papers that have been written and which
have been alleged, by various people, to be good examples of research in mathematics
education. They aren’t, and it’s easy to see why, in each case. These are not “straw men”
either, because I didn’t choose them. In each case I looked at the paper because somebody
with some credentials suggested that I ought to do so. You should look at them too, and see
what you think.