7. Conclusion
In a thermodynamic process, when heat is applied, it changes the kinetic and potential energy of the system. Thus,
the input energy can be expressed in terms of Hamiltonian of the system. The kinetic energy changes increase the
overall accessible states and entropy of the system, but potential energy changes result in fields which oppose changes
in momentum and kinetic energy of the system. As a result of it, potential energy changes reduce the accessible states and
entropy. Thus, the entropy of a thermodynamic process can be expressed as a ratio of differential change in Hamiltonian
and potential of the system to its temperature. Entropy rate of a process may be slowed or reversed depending on the
time dependence of the Hamiltonian and potential energy of the system. Formulation of entropy in terms of changes in
Hamiltonian or Lagrangian and potential provides a new tool in our analysis of thermodynamic systems as principles from
classical mechanics and field theory can be leveraged in the analysis of thermodynamic systems.
Acknowledgements
The author is thankful to Bryan Webber for helpful guidance on Lagrangian dynamics. David Tong provided insightful
discussions on symmetries. The work was supported in part by Wingate Foundation, London, Cambridge Commonwealth
Trust and Nokia Research Centre, Cambridge.
7. Conclusion
In a thermodynamic process, when heat is applied, it changes the kinetic and potential energy of the system. Thus,
the input energy can be expressed in terms of Hamiltonian of the system. The kinetic energy changes increase the
overall accessible states and entropy of the system, but potential energy changes result in fields which oppose changes
in momentum and kinetic energy of the system. As a result of it, potential energy changes reduce the accessible states and
entropy. Thus, the entropy of a thermodynamic process can be expressed as a ratio of differential change in Hamiltonian
and potential of the system to its temperature. Entropy rate of a process may be slowed or reversed depending on the
time dependence of the Hamiltonian and potential energy of the system. Formulation of entropy in terms of changes in
Hamiltonian or Lagrangian and potential provides a new tool in our analysis of thermodynamic systems as principles from
classical mechanics and field theory can be leveraged in the analysis of thermodynamic systems.
Acknowledgements
The author is thankful to Bryan Webber for helpful guidance on Lagrangian dynamics. David Tong provided insightful
discussions on symmetries. The work was supported in part by Wingate Foundation, London, Cambridge Commonwealth
Trust and Nokia Research Centre, Cambridge.
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