Copyright exceptions are one of the problematic areas in the Thai Copyright Act 1994 (henceforth Thai CA 1994) because many provisions in this area are unclear and uncertain. The exceptions to an infringement of copyright are regulated in sections 32 to 43 of the Thai CA 1994. These copyright exceptions can be classified into three categories. The first category is the general conditions or the two pre-conditions in section 32 paragraph 1, which provides that an act against a copyright work of another person which does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the copyright work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate right of the owner of copyright shall not be deemed an infringement of copyright. The second category is the exceptions in the list of permitted acts in section 32 paragraph 2, which consists of eight permitted purposes or uses that can be applied to all types of works: exceptions for research and study; private use; criticism and review; reporting current events; use in judicial or administrative proceedings; reproduction by teachers for instruction purposes; reproduction by educational institutions1 ; and use in assignments or examinations. The third category is the specific exceptions in sections 33 to 43, which can only apply to specific types of use or certain purposes: exceptions for use as reference; for use by librarians; for use of a computer program; for use of dramatic and musical works; for use of artistic works; for use of architectural works; for use of cinematographic work; and for government use.