In order to achieve emission reduction targets and reduce dependency on (foreign) oil and fossil fuels in general, electric
vehicles have drawn more and more attentions from governments and the general public. Developing electric vehicles and
creating an electrified transportation system is an effective way to promote urban sustainable development as pointed out
by Eberle and von Helmolt (2010), Bouscayrol et al. (2011), Khaligh and Krishnamurthy (2012) and Bilgin et al. (2015). Therefore
policies to facilitate the growth and market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) have been developed in almost every
nation of the industrialized world. While over the last decade several car producers made EV models commercially available
in the US, the market share trajectory of EVs in the US has been below predicted levels.
The acceptance of EVs by the public depends on a large variety of factors. An efficient, convenient and economic charging
infrastructure system can enhance the willingness of consumers to purchase and promote industry development (Hatton
et al., 2009; Guo and Zhao, 2015). The availability and convenient locations of charging stations in metropolitan environments
is a key factor that globally affects not only the adoption process of EVs but also the sustainability of transportation.
The energy-efficiency criterion is one of the principle considerations for enhancing sustainability (Kates et al., 2005). Therefore,
it is necessary to employ proper methods to determine the optimal energy-aware charging station locations. Aiming to
construct an energy-efficient charging infrastructure system for sustainable urban transportation systems, multiple objective
energy-aware decision-making models are introduced in this paper. Two different criteria are proposed in the optimization
models, which consider several energy-aware constraints.
First, we address the problem of optimal charging station placement from the viewpoint of reaching the most customers
or households by providing an energy cost constraint, i.e. something a private charging station owner would typically