1. The Communicative Approach Ajan Angcharin D. M.Ed. (Teaching English as a Foreign Language)
2. What is the communicative approach?∗ The communicative approach is the theory that language is communication. Therefore the final aim of CLT (Communicative Language Teaching) is communicative competence.
3. Model of communicative competence Sociolinguistic Strategic competence : Verbal andGrammatical competence: non-verbal communicationknowledge of the language competence: strategies, compensate for code- syntax , lexis, [Pragmatic] breakdown in communication. Ability to get one’s meaning across successfully when problems Sociocultural rules: rules of using language Discourse rules: appropriately in a given knowledge of combining social situation, language structures to concerned with style, produce unifies texts in politeness register, etc different modes: writing, speaking ทีมา: Canale, M & Swain,M 1980. Theoretical based of communicative ่ approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics.1/1:1- 47.
4. The Principles of the CommunicativeApproach:∗ Learners learn through using it to communicate∗ Authentic and meaningful communication should be the goal of classroom activities∗ Fluency is an important dimension of communication∗ Communication involves the integration of different language skills∗ Learning is a process of creative construction and involves trial and error
5. what is the teacher’s role in this?∗ The teacher has two main roles:∗ To facilitate the communication process in the classroom∗ To act as an independent participant within the learning- teaching group
6. In practical terms, what does thatmean?
7. Teacher-Student Interaction ∗ Since communicative competence is our aim, it is essential that students be given every opportunity to practice communicating. In the communicative classroom teacher talking time (TTT) must be kept to a minimum. This is not to say that the teacher shouldn’t speak at all, but TTT should be controlled and appropriate. ∗ The classroom should be learner centered. The teacher’s role is to facilitate student communication which is done through careful selection of materials and activities relevant to the aims of the lesson in which they are used.
8. InputCommunication can bedivided into two Readingcategories•Input Listening•Output OUTPUTThe four communicativeskills can be put into Speakingthese categories Writing
9. Whichever of these skills is being taught themain focus must be on the student and not onthe teacher. The interaction should usually bethe student to student and should include theteacher only where necessary. During mostclassroom activities the teacher will monitorand intervene only where necessary.
10. A model for part of a communicative lessonStage 1 Teacher (T) gives a short presentation of a grammar or vocabularypoint. T then gives students (Ss) opportunity to practice the point in a controlledexercise. (Interaction: T›Ss)Stage 2 Ss carry out the controlled exercise while T monitors and interveneswhere appropriate. (Interaction: S‹›S)Stage 3 The Ss are asked to take part in an activity designed to get them toproduce the vocabulary and grammar they have been taught. T monitors and noteserrors and interesting points. T intervenes only when asked or when absolutelynecessary. (Interaction: S‹›S)Stage 4 Feedback session, in which T feeds back in a non-threatening way theerrors s/he noted during the activity. Ss also have the opportunity to clear uppuzzling points. (Interaction: T‹›Ss)
11. ∗ The lesson extract follows a method called Presentation-Practice-Production or PPP for short.∗ This was the standard method until a few years ago. Now there are a number of possibilities open to the teacher.∗ You will be introduced to these at a later stage.
12. ActivitiesClassroom activities should be carried out in the targetlanguage (English). Having said this, there may sometimes be occasions whereallowing the students to briefly discuss a point in their nativetongue can promote greater understanding and assimilation ofnew information. This is controversial issue and should notusually be permitted.
13. There are many different types of activities. They providespeaking, listening, writing and reading practice as well asaiding production. A few ideas for activity types Games Role-plays Simulations Information Gaps
14. Where do I find activities?∗ They can be found in books containing supplementary material.∗ Many teachers enjoy creating their own activities, which can be tailored specifically to their classes needs.∗ Activities used in the classroom must be selected carefully as if they are above the level of the students they can destroy self-confidence and if below they can bore the students.∗ Activities usually involve the students working together either in pairs or in small groups.
15. ∗ Activities are often used to practice real-life situations involving social interaction and so a high level of social and functional language should be expected.
16. Materials ∗ Materials fall into three broad categories: ∗ text-based, ∗ task-based ∗ realia. They can be used as the basis for classroom activities. Once again not only must the activity be appropriate to the level of the students but the materials used must be appropriate too.
17. Text-based materials For example practice exercises,reading passages, gap fills, recordings,etc. can be found in almost any course book as well as in books containingsupplementary materials. They form an essential part of most lessons.
18. Task-based materials These include game boards, role-play cards, materials for drilling, pair work tasks, etc. They might be used to support real life tasks such as role playing booking into a hotel, or a job interview.
19. Realia This includes such things as magazines,newspapers, fruit and vegetables, axes, maps - thingsfrom the real world outside the classroom. They can be used in many activities. For example, fruit and vegetables could be usedin a shopping activity, an act could be used to show theeffect of using the present perfect continuous on ashort action verb.
20. what does the communicativeapproach mean in practical terms?∗ We should now understand that the teachers job is to get their students to communicate using real language by providing them with instruction, practice, and above all opportunities to produce English in activities which encourage acquisition and fluency.
21. In conclusion∗ CLT should be fun for both teacher and students.∗ Enabling students to communicate successfully is also very rewarding.