Charnwit refers to nationalism in Southeast Asia as a by-product of the new colonialism. He says that nationalism in this region has developed to resist European and American colonialism. There are also different images of nationalism. For example, there were bloody revolutions in lndonesia and Vietnam against the attempted return of Holland and France after the second World war; the compromising versions of nationalism in Malaysia and the Philippines where the local people could successfully negotiate with England and the U.S. respectively; or the Thai version of nationalism-"mix and match" style. Charnwit calls the Thai style nationalism" official nationalism" because the highest institution, the Monarch, made the decision on what activities were necessary to inspire nationalism in Thailand.