The comparison of double (FT and Utz)-certified with noncertified farms provides insights into the effects of multicertification (seeTable 5). We observe positive and significant
effects of multi-certification at several impact levels, most
notably for coffee yields, coffee prices and income from coffee
production. Investments in coffee renovation and upgrading
of coffee production systems took place on multi-certified
farms, enabling them to raise yields and to increase their
income share derived from coffee production. These differences are, however, less pronounced if we realize that the relative decline in coffee income at non-certified farms is
compensated by substantially more revenues from other cropping and livestock activities. Moreover, multi-certification in
Ndumbericooperative coincides with a longer period of being
certified, and therefore part of the registered effects could be
due to learning.