Regarding self-reports of overall work effort, a
restricted number of scales was found. Instruments, such as
the two-item scale developed by the WOSY International
Research Group (1989), the four-item scale developed by
Mohr and Bitner (1995), and the three-item subscale “extra
effort to work” of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire
(Bass, 1985) used by Huang, Cheng, and Chou (2005) are
very similar to each other regarding content. They simply
attempt to measure variations in energy or effort level. Cronbach’s
α coefficients for these scales range from .86 to .93.
To our knowledge, Brown and Leigh’s (1996) and Patchen’s
(1965, 1970) scales are the only instruments that are not limited
to the measurement of intensity, meaning the amount of
effort put into a job.