2.3.4.4. Travel Cost
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The travel cost method uses observable data on recreation visitation to infer the recreation-related use values of environmental amenities. If it works, changes in environmental amenities can be valued providing the benefit side of a cost-benefit calculation.
The method dates from a 1949 suggestion by Harold Hotelling that travel cost indicates a recreational consumer’s value of visiting a site. From this simple observation, an extensive literature has developed. The studies vary substantially but typically they try to estimate a demand function for site visits that includes as an arguments travel cost and some measure of environmental quality. Area under the demand curve is a dollar denominated measure of consumer surplus. When the environmental quality variable is altered, a different demand curve and surplus result and the difference in the surpluses is deemed the value of the change in the environmental attribute or the willingness to pay for the change.
The EPA-funded literature on this topic includes V. Kerry Smith, Edward R. Morey, Robert D. Rowe, AERE Workshop on Recreation Demand Modeling, June 20, 1985 (EE-0137). The workshop was organized around three themes: the effect of site attributes on demand; modeling demands for recreational sites within a region; and modeling non-user values. Several of the papers employed or reviewed the travel cost approach:"The Logit Model and Exact Expected Consumer’s Surplus Measures: Valuing Marine Recreational Fishing" by Morey and Rowe develops a random utility model employing the travel cost method. The authors are able to estimate for a variety of Oregon fishing sites what the option value, the right to fish there, is worth to visitors from various counties in Oregon."The Varying Parameter: In Perspective" by William H. Desvousges begins with a comprehensive review of the travel cost literature. The author introduces the varying parameter version of the travel cost method and then shows its application to a study of 22"Valuing Quality Changes In Recreational Resources" by Elizabeth A. Wilman derives, from a general consumer utility maximization model, several resource valuation models including travel cost and hedonic models. The various models are reviewed and considered. A travel cost hedonic model is estimated and applied to the valuation of quality changes in deer hunting sites in the Black Hills National Forest of South Dakota."Modeling the Demand for Outdoor Recreation" by Robert Mendelsohn is a review of three techniques for valuing nonmarketed attributes of recreational assets. According to the author, "Partitioning involves grouping sites into small homogeneous sets and treating each set as a unique good and is best represented by multiple site travel cost models. Hedonics involves disaggregating goods into their component characteristics and modelling the prices and demands for the characteristics and is best represented in the recreation context by the hedonic travel cost method. The index models involve measuring the demand for a standard good and explaining variations in that demand across goods explicitly in terms of observable characteristics. Both generalized travel cost and discrete choice models are members of this last approach.""A Model To Estimate the Economic Impacts on Recreational Fishing in the Adirondacks From Current Levels Acidification" by Daniel M. Violette uses a site-characteristics-based travel cost model and a simple participation model to estimate the use values of fishing in the Adirondacks, an area of New York State containing approximately 3,000 lakes. Data came from the New York Anglers’ Survey data set. Site characteristic data came from the Adirondack Lake and Pond Survey. Where possible, the approach was designed to provide upper-bound estimates. Nonetheless, the resulting damage estimates are quite modest; damage due to current levels of acidification could range from $1 to $12 million annually."Modeling Recreational Demand in a Multiple Site Framework" by Bockstael, Hanemann and Kling distinguishes between single and multiple site travel models and concentrates on the latter. They can be subdivided further. The subject paper reviews the substantial to determine how well they account for the benefit changes in a multiple site framework. Several estimation techniques are demonstrated from a common data set.
Sharon M. Oster's EPA-funded dissertation, The Incidence of Local Water Pollution Abatement Expenditures: A Case Study of the Merrimack River Basin, June 1974 (EE-0345) contains a contingent valuation survey and discusses the travel cost as an alternative method as a means for estimating benefits but does not attempt any valuation using travel cost.
The 1981 study Measuring the Benefits of Water Pollution Abatement (EE-0178) by Mills and Feenburg includes a discussion justifying the
2.3.4.4 ทุนการท่องเที่ยวลิงค์ด่วนวิจัยเศรษฐศาสตร์สิ่งแวดล้อม EPAตารางของ ContentsMediaTell ฉัน AboutGeographic AreaIndexวิธีต้นทุนการเดินทางใช้ข้อมูล observable บนเยี่ยมชมพักผ่อนหย่อนใจเพื่อสรุปค่าใช้ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการพักผ่อนหย่อนใจความสะดวกสิ่งแวดล้อม ถ้าทำงาน การเปลี่ยนแปลงในสิ่งแวดล้อมสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกสามารถให้บริการด้านสวัสดิการของการคำนวณต้นทุนและผลประโยชน์ให้วันวิธีการจากข้อเสนอแนะปี 1949 โดยแฮโรลด์ Hotelling ที่ต้นทุนการเดินทางบ่งชี้ค่าของผู้บริโภคด้านนันทนาการจากการเยี่ยมชมเว็บไซต์ จากนี้สังเกตง่าย มีพัฒนาวรรณกรรมหลากหลาย การศึกษาแตกต่างกันมาก แต่โดยทั่วไปพวกเขาพยายามประเมินฟังก์ชันอุปสงค์สำหรับการเยี่ยมชมเว็บไซต์ที่รวมเป็นต้นทุนการเดินทางของอาร์กิวเมนต์และบางวัดคุณภาพสิ่งแวดล้อม พื้นที่ใต้เส้นอุปสงค์เป็นดอลลาร์เป็นสกุลเงินบาทวัดส่วนเกินผู้บริโภค เมื่อมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงตัวแปรคุณภาพสิ่งแวดล้อม ผลโค้งและส่วนเกินความต้องการแตกต่างกันและความแตกต่างในการ surpluses ถือว่าค่าของการเปลี่ยนแปลงในแอตทริบิวต์สิ่งแวดล้อมหรือความตั้งใจที่จะจ่ายสำหรับการเปลี่ยนแปลงThe EPA-funded literature on this topic includes V. Kerry Smith, Edward R. Morey, Robert D. Rowe, AERE Workshop on Recreation Demand Modeling, June 20, 1985 (EE-0137). The workshop was organized around three themes: the effect of site attributes on demand; modeling demands for recreational sites within a region; and modeling non-user values. Several of the papers employed or reviewed the travel cost approach:"The Logit Model and Exact Expected Consumer’s Surplus Measures: Valuing Marine Recreational Fishing" by Morey and Rowe develops a random utility model employing the travel cost method. The authors are able to estimate for a variety of Oregon fishing sites what the option value, the right to fish there, is worth to visitors from various counties in Oregon."The Varying Parameter: In Perspective" by William H. Desvousges begins with a comprehensive review of the travel cost literature. The author introduces the varying parameter version of the travel cost method and then shows its application to a study of 22"Valuing Quality Changes In Recreational Resources" by Elizabeth A. Wilman derives, from a general consumer utility maximization model, several resource valuation models including travel cost and hedonic models. The various models are reviewed and considered. A travel cost hedonic model is estimated and applied to the valuation of quality changes in deer hunting sites in the Black Hills National Forest of South Dakota."Modeling the Demand for Outdoor Recreation" by Robert Mendelsohn is a review of three techniques for valuing nonmarketed attributes of recreational assets. According to the author, "Partitioning involves grouping sites into small homogeneous sets and treating each set as a unique good and is best represented by multiple site travel cost models. Hedonics involves disaggregating goods into their component characteristics and modelling the prices and demands for the characteristics and is best represented in the recreation context by the hedonic travel cost method. The index models involve measuring the demand for a standard good and explaining variations in that demand across goods explicitly in terms of observable characteristics. Both generalized travel cost and discrete choice models are members of this last approach.""A Model To Estimate the Economic Impacts on Recreational Fishing in the Adirondacks From Current Levels Acidification" by Daniel M. Violette uses a site-characteristics-based travel cost model and a simple participation model to estimate the use values of fishing in the Adirondacks, an area of New York State containing approximately 3,000 lakes. Data came from the New York Anglers’ Survey data set. Site characteristic data came from the Adirondack Lake and Pond Survey. Where possible, the approach was designed to provide upper-bound estimates. Nonetheless, the resulting damage estimates are quite modest; damage due to current levels of acidification could range from $1 to $12 million annually."Modeling Recreational Demand in a Multiple Site Framework" by Bockstael, Hanemann and Kling distinguishes between single and multiple site travel models and concentrates on the latter. They can be subdivided further. The subject paper reviews the substantial to determine how well they account for the benefit changes in a multiple site framework. Several estimation techniques are demonstrated from a common data set.ชารอน M. Oster EPA ทุนวิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญาเอก การเกิดของถิ่นน้ำมลพิษลดหย่อนค่าใช้จ่าย: A กรณีศึกษาลุ่มแม่น้ำ Merrimack, 1974 มิถุนายน (EE-0345 เบอร์) ประกอบด้วยการสำรวจประเมินอาจเกิดขึ้น และกล่าวถึงค่าเดินทางอีกวิธีเป็นวิธีการสำหรับการประเมินผลประโยชน์ แต่ไม่พยายามคิดมูลค่าใด ๆ โดยใช้ต้นทุนการเดินทางการศึกษา 1981 วัดที่ประโยชน์ของน้ำมลพิษลดหย่อน (EE-0178) โดยโรงงานและ Feenburg มี justifying สนทนาเป็นการ
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