Various synthetic pigments and natural sources have been used as dietary supplements to enhance the pigmentation of fish and crustaceans. Natural sources of carotenoids are usually composed of several carotenoids in various
forms, and these sources vary in their digestibility, making their pigmentation efficiency complicated to interpret. In contrast, studies can
clearly determine the pigmentation efficiency of synthetic carotenoids. Given the high costs of
synthetic pigments, however, efforts have been made to evaluate
the potential of natural compounds. Some studies have shown that
Chlorella vulgaris is as efficient as synthetic pigments in the pigmentation of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss,gilthead seabream Sparus aurata , koi Cyprinus
carpio and goldfish Carassius auratus. Pigments obtained from red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, the marine bacteria Agrobacterium aurantiacum ,
Chlorococcum sp.the green algae Haematococcus
pluvialis , Chlorella zofingiensis and C. vulgaris were used as sources of dietary carotenoids.
In practice, we find out that some ornamental fish culturists used
green algae Spirulina platensis to improve body color of fish such as
goldfish , ornamental Cichlid and so on. On the other hand, we found that red color of kohaku
koi had been significantly improved by photosynthetic bacteria when we splashed this bacteria liquid into koi cultural ponds to improved the water quality of. Based on the practice and above researches, the present
study evaluated the potential of these natural microorganisms, including S. platensis, single R. palustris, and effective microorganisms
including R. palustris, as sources of dietary pigments for coloring the
skin of Showa koi. These sources were compared to a
positive control of synthetic astaxanthin and a negative control, a diet with no pigment added.
Various synthetic pigments and natural sources have been used as dietary supplements to enhance the pigmentation of fish and crustaceans. Natural sources of carotenoids are usually composed of several carotenoids in variousforms, and these sources vary in their digestibility, making their pigmentation efficiency complicated to interpret. In contrast, studies canclearly determine the pigmentation efficiency of synthetic carotenoids. Given the high costs ofsynthetic pigments, however, efforts have been made to evaluatethe potential of natural compounds. Some studies have shown thatChlorella vulgaris is as efficient as synthetic pigments in the pigmentation of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss,gilthead seabream Sparus aurata , koi Cyprinuscarpio and goldfish Carassius auratus. Pigments obtained from red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, the marine bacteria Agrobacterium aurantiacum ,Chlorococcum sp.the green algae Haematococcuspluvialis , Chlorella zofingiensis and C. vulgaris were used as sources of dietary carotenoids.In practice, we find out that some ornamental fish culturists usedgreen algae Spirulina platensis to improve body color of fish such asgoldfish , ornamental Cichlid and so on. On the other hand, we found that red color of kohakukoi had been significantly improved by photosynthetic bacteria when we splashed this bacteria liquid into koi cultural ponds to improved the water quality of. Based on the practice and above researches, the presentstudy evaluated the potential of these natural microorganisms, including S. platensis, single R. palustris, and effective microorganisms
including R. palustris, as sources of dietary pigments for coloring the
skin of Showa koi. These sources were compared to a
positive control of synthetic astaxanthin and a negative control, a diet with no pigment added.
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