• Learning focus: Where the focus is on the language itself, then maximum use of the target language is desirable for both teacher and learners to allow for rich input and output. Where the learning is focused on conceptual development and reflection and analysis? then there is a legitimate role for the first language to enable learners to formulate and express ideas and to say what they need to say. Nonetheless, this conceptual development needs to be based on the target language itself, and the stimuli, the texts and talk which give rise to this thinking, need to be in the target language. Also the teacher can use the target language to express his/her own ideas and can introduce learners to some of the language they need to express their own ideas.