C. albicans is a diploid fungus responsible for oral thrush or oral candidiasis and is a common infection observed in HIV patients. Several studies have demonstrated the potential antifungal role of B. rotunda in inhibiting C. albicans growth. A study conducted by Cheeptham and Towers [51] revealed the antifungal activity of B. rotunda ethanolic extract against C. albicans as well as A. fumigatus. The activation of the antimicrobial activity was found to be light mediated, as treatment performed in the dark showed no fungal inhibition [51]. In 2010, Taweechaisupapong et al. studied the antioral pathogen activities of the oil and 95% ethanolic extracts of B. rotunda and Piper sarmentosum. The extracts were screened against 4 oral pathogens, namely, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus sp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and C. albican. Results from their study showed that B. rotunda oil extract is a potent inhibitor against all these pathogens, as compared to B. rotunda ethanolic extract, and P. sarmentosum oil and ethanolic extracts. The MIC for S. mutans, Lactobacillus Candidal adhesion is an essential mechanism for Candida species to adhere to the oral surfaces to colonise the mouth and cause oral diseases. Sroisiri and Boonyanit [55] recently reported that the rhizome extract of B. rotunda could inhibit the adhesion of Candida species on the denture acrylic surfaces in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the dentures with B. rotunda extract at concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL significantly inhibited candidal adhesion by approximately 47%, 66%, and 74%, respectively. Ergo, it is theorised that candidal adhesion can possibly be reduced by soaking acrylic dentures in B. rotunda rhizome extract for 30 mins [55].