Definitions of CKD and other chronic diseases
CKD was defined and classified based on KDIGO guidelines using both GFR and urinary ACR [8].
GFR was estimated using CKD-EPI equations, taking into account gender and serum creatinine.
ACR was computed and reported in milligrams per gram.
Individuals with GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or ACR ≥ 30 mg/g were classified as CKD patients.
Hypertension was defined as having a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ≥ 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of ≥ 90 mmHg, or having received a physician’s diagnosis.
DM was defined as having A1c ≥ 6.5%, FBG of ≥ 126 mg/dL, or having received a physician’s diagnosis.
Dyslipidemia was defined as hav-ing total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL, LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL, HDL-C < 40 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥ 200 mg/dL, or having received a physician’s diagnosis.