This criterion seems to work well in Years 5 and 6 in Japan and Australian School 2 where the number
of students classified as SR is comparatively high. In these two groups, the success rate of students
who showed stable relational (SR) performance on the three groups of number sentences was almost
20% higher in obtaining a score ≥ 1 on the question involving literal symbols than the general success
rate. The strength of connection is not as strong in both groups in Year 7 where the success rate of the
SR performers on the number sentences is only 10% higher than the general success rate. Ceiling
effects begin to emerge in the Year 7 in Japan and in Australian School 2 where 88% and 82%
respectively of students in Year 7 were able to deal successfully (Score ≥ 1) with the question involving
literal symbols.
However, serious difficulties exist in the application of the criterion to the Australian Year 5 and Year 6
students in School 1 and in the Thai cohort where few students were able to be classified as SR on the
number questions, and where few were also successful on the question involving literal symbols. The
criterion could not be reasonably applied in the case of Years 5 and Year 6 in the Thai cohort where only
one student was classified as SR; and where in Year 5 only two students scored ≥ 1 on the question
involving literal symbols. In Thailand, however, 12 Year 6 students scored ≥ 1 on the question involving
literal symbols, despite the paucity of stable relational (SR) thinkers on the number sentences. Even in
the Year 7 Thai cohort, the number of students classified as SR was too small (4) to allow any reliable
predictions. Similar difficulties also occurred in Australian School 1 where only 3 students in the entire
Year 6 sample scored ≥ 1 on the question involving literal symbols.
Using Arithmetic Thinking (SA) as a predictor
How well did those students who met the criterion for Stable Arithmetic (SA) – that is, those who scored
0, 0, 0 on all the three groups of number sentences – perform on the question involving literal symbols?
Given the difficulties applying the preceding test to the entire Thai cohort and the Australian School 1,
this test becomes more important. In Australian School 1, 23 Year 6 students scored 0 on all the three
groups of number sentences. Of these 23, 21 were graded either NR or 0 on the question involving
literal symbols, with only one of the 23 obtained a “1 ” for this question, and another one obtained a “2”.
28 Year 5 students got a “0” on all the three groups of number sentences. 21 of them got either NR or 0
on the question involving literal symbols, while four obtained “1” for this question, and three obtained “2”.
Likewise, in the Thai cohort, there is a strong connection at each year level between SA thinking on
number sentences and failure to deal successfully with the question involving literal symbols. However,
for this cohort, the strength of this connection declines with higher year levels. With each successive
This criterion seems to work well in Years 5 and 6 in Japan and Australian School 2 where the numberof students classified as SR is comparatively high. In these two groups, the success rate of studentswho showed stable relational (SR) performance on the three groups of number sentences was almost20% higher in obtaining a score ≥ 1 on the question involving literal symbols than the general successrate. The strength of connection is not as strong in both groups in Year 7 where the success rate of theSR performers on the number sentences is only 10% higher than the general success rate. Ceilingeffects begin to emerge in the Year 7 in Japan and in Australian School 2 where 88% and 82%respectively of students in Year 7 were able to deal successfully (Score ≥ 1) with the question involvingliteral symbols.However, serious difficulties exist in the application of the criterion to the Australian Year 5 and Year 6students in School 1 and in the Thai cohort where few students were able to be classified as SR on thenumber questions, and where few were also successful on the question involving literal symbols. Thecriterion could not be reasonably applied in the case of Years 5 and Year 6 in the Thai cohort where onlyone student was classified as SR; and where in Year 5 only two students scored ≥ 1 on the questioninvolving literal symbols. In Thailand, however, 12 Year 6 students scored ≥ 1 on the question involvingliteral symbols, despite the paucity of stable relational (SR) thinkers on the number sentences. Even inthe Year 7 Thai cohort, the number of students classified as SR was too small (4) to allow any reliablepredictions. Similar difficulties also occurred in Australian School 1 where only 3 students in the entireYear 6 sample scored ≥ 1 on the question involving literal symbols.Using Arithmetic Thinking (SA) as a predictorHow well did those students who met the criterion for Stable Arithmetic (SA) – that is, those who scored0, 0, 0 on all the three groups of number sentences – perform on the question involving literal symbols?Given the difficulties applying the preceding test to the entire Thai cohort and the Australian School 1,this test becomes more important. In Australian School 1, 23 Year 6 students scored 0 on all the threegroups of number sentences. Of these 23, 21 were graded either NR or 0 on the question involvingliteral symbols, with only one of the 23 obtained a “1 ” for this question, and another one obtained a “2”.28 Year 5 students got a “0” on all the three groups of number sentences. 21 of them got either NR or 0on the question involving literal symbols, while four obtained “1” for this question, and three obtained “2”.Likewise, in the Thai cohort, there is a strong connection at each year level between SA thinking onnumber sentences and failure to deal successfully with the question involving literal symbols. However,สำหรับผู้ผ่านนี้ ความแรงของการเชื่อมต่อนี้ปฏิเสธปีมีระดับสูงขึ้น ละต่อเนื่อง
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