never-smoking participants in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer.
A total of 252 lung cancer cases were observed in the 11-year follow-up time period. Vineis and coworkers (32) reported a significant positive association between NO2 concentrations (upper vs.
lowest and intermediate tertiles combined) and lung cancer incidence (odds ratio = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.06–1.75), but not PM10 or SO2, in a case-control study of 271 nonsmoking lung cancer cases nested within the European Prospective Investigation on Cancer and Nutrition. There was also some evidence for higher air pollution relative risk estimates in nonsmokers compared with current or former smokers in other recent work (30, 31, 33).