5. Discussion
Here, it was shown that there is utility in using image processing
software to analyze digitally manipulated documents to
detect manipulations. The results demonstrate that many features
were associated with manipulations in digital documents,
such as disturbances of the surface of the document, size and
spacing discrepancies of words and letters, the presence of
dots, irregularities in the pixel arrangements, changes in pixel
colors of altered letters and words, as well as the presence of
unique sequence of dots around each inserted letter or word.
Earlier studies3,5 reported the use of image processing tools
for the analysis of questionable documents. In the present
study, the results obtained after examination of all of the documents
were encouraging and suggest ways to help document
examiners in detecting manipulations of digital documents.