Compared with spark-ignition engine, researchers are more
interested in compression–ignition (CI) engine due to its better fuel
economy with high compression ratio and no throttling loss. However,
the conventional CI engine sustains with high nitrogen oxides
(NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. In addition,
improving the fuel efficiency is always a goal because of the direct
connection to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and crude oil usage.
Hence, the heavy-duty CI diesel engine has been a topic of research
over the last two decades. Moreover, the sources of fossil fuel are
dwindling with time’s going, which causes the price of petroleum
oil becoming higher on a daily basis. These all pose challenges to
the availability of fossil fuel. Under these circumstances, the
demand of alternative fuels is increasing as a substitute of conventional
fossil fuel in transportation sector to address energy security
issues. Among the alternative fuels, methanol and ethanol have
received considerable attention as suitable diesel fuel replacement.
In particular, methanol is readily available from the conversion of
Compared with spark-ignition engine, researchers are more
interested in compression–ignition (CI) engine due to its better fuel
economy with high compression ratio and no throttling loss. However,
the conventional CI engine sustains with high nitrogen oxides
(NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. In addition,
improving the fuel efficiency is always a goal because of the direct
connection to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and crude oil usage.
Hence, the heavy-duty CI diesel engine has been a topic of research
over the last two decades. Moreover, the sources of fossil fuel are
dwindling with time’s going, which causes the price of petroleum
oil becoming higher on a daily basis. These all pose challenges to
the availability of fossil fuel. Under these circumstances, the
demand of alternative fuels is increasing as a substitute of conventional
fossil fuel in transportation sector to address energy security
issues. Among the alternative fuels, methanol and ethanol have
received considerable attention as suitable diesel fuel replacement.
In particular, methanol is readily available from the conversion of
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