Head-locks were set prior to cows returned from the morning milking, to facilitate artificial insemination, such that thecows were head locked in the stanchions for 45–60 min daily. Cows were housed in covered barns with access to free stallsbedded with dried manure, which was renewed weekly and groomed bi-weekly. Cows also had free access to an uncoveredmanure pack drylot at all times. Inside alleyways were flushed with water three times daily while the cows were beingmilked. Cows had ad libitum access to clean drinking water at all times.