Fishmeal is traditionally the main protein source used in fish diets because it is a rich
source of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, energy and minerals (Hertrampf and
Piedad-Pascual 2000). In the aquaculture industry, the increasing cost and inadequate
supply of fishmeal limit sustainability. Therefore, reducing fishmeal inclusion levels and
replacing fishmeal with cost-effective, widely available and sustainable feedstuffs are
considered essential for the future development of the aquaculture industry (Tacon et al.
2006; Gatlin et al. 2007; Kaushik and Hemre 2008). Many alternative plant feedstuffs
contain high levels of deleterious carbohydrate fractions, complex fiber-type components
and anti-nutritional factors (ANF), which can limit their use in carnivorous fish diets (Drew
et al. 2007; Krogdahl et al. 2010).