A host of MNEs now pursue customer segments that transcend national borders (Bolton and Myers 2003; Bruning et al. 2009; Hassan et al.2003; Helsen et al. 1993; Hofstede et al.1999; Nachum1994; Souiden2002).
Dior, Gucci, L’Oreal, Louis Vuitton, and Nintendo are examples. Others in the fashion industry cater to young consumers who are brand and fashion conscious.
Firms in apparel, accessories, and cosmetics are examples.
Their efforts are greatly assisted by the availability of transnational media, including such magazines as Vogue and Elle (Blyth 2006; Bryck2003;Ko et al.2007; Morton 2002).