where emission individual tree contribution to carbon emissions; C carbon storage in the next year; Mc probability of mortality based on condition class; i decomposition class (based on number of years left standing before removal); pi proportion of the land use tree population in decomposition class i; pab proportion of tree biomass above ground; yi number of years left standing before removal (yi → for dead trees that will never be cut down (natural decomposition)); dm decomposition rates for mulched above ground biomass (3 years); and dr decomposition rate for standing trees and tree roots (20 years).