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martphone addiction
The Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS)28 contains six subscales of problematic smartphone usage (daily-life-disturbance, positive-anticipation, withdrawal, overuse, tolerance, and cyberspace-oriented relationship). The SAS also yields a total score that is indicative of the severity of smartphone addiction; higher scores indicate more severe addictions. The SAS has 33 items that rate on 6-point scales from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the SAS is 0.967.