For sperm morphology, sperm were classified according
to Almond et al. (1998) and Lovercamp et al. (2007).
Intact sperm were classified into one of the following
six morphological groups: normal, abnormal head, abnormal
tail, proximal cytoplasmic droplet, distal cytoplasmic
droplet and the distal midpiece reflex with a cytoplasmic
droplet. Cellular particles were evaluated using a slightly
modified version of the analysis described in Lessley and
Garner (1983). Briefly, the cellular particles evaluated
were unattached cytoplasmic droplets and cellular debris.