Projects are a locus of attention for strategy implementation and organizational and project learning . Knowledge management processes have been utilized typically to explain and interpret learning in PBOs and ensure effective planning and implementation of projects. In this way knowledge sharing and creation have received much attention in the project literature. Although research has shown significant potential for improvement of knowledge and learning processes between the PBOs' sub-units in recent years, existing practices have been foundto be inappropriate or insufficient for these tasks. Yet, governance of these knowledge management activities has been largely ignored. Only recently KG has emerged as a new and evolving approach that addresses a number of central problems concerning knowledge processes in organizations. These issues have not yet been fully addressed, either in the field of knowledge management or within governance theories. KG was introduced to complement existing knowledge initiatives that focus solely on organizational macro constructs such as improving absorptive capacity, building capabilities and creating communities of practice.
The main criticism is that scholars neglect individual micro-level conditions and behaviors, which resultsin vague and imprecise ideas about macro-level organizational constructs . Therefore KG attempts to comprehend how micro- and macro-level constructs interact and move organizations towards desired levels and directions (i.e. reach set knowledge-based goals) through the use of various KG mechanisms .
The current understanding of KG builds on the organizational and management studies of mainly. However, a coherent and clear understanding of KG and its interpretation in the world of projects requires further development. Projects differentiate from regular operations and organizations dealing with multiple projects face particular challenges that need to be further explored. Previously, KG researchers have examined the subject mainly on a broad, general level that does not account for the particularities
of organizations designed for and around projects. PBOs here are used as a broad term including projectified, project-based, project-led and project-oriented organizations.
There is a large variety of PBOs and our aim in defining them in this research is to include all possible forms. The common and significant characteristic of these organizations is their use
of projects as a way of doing business. In this paper, the term PBO includes firms that acknowledge project work and carry out most of their activities in projects, as well as organizations that use projects as a strategic means for differentiation. The PBO may be a standalone organization or a subsidiary of a larger corporation , or sometimes interwoven in complex postbureaucratic organizational structures. PBO-specific characteristics mainly stem from the temporality of PBOs' building blocks of their business; that is, projects and their impact on various organizational elements such as structure, structural complexity, and difficulties in learning .
KG has only recently entered the realm of projects. The existing literature suggests
that the challenges faced by PBOs are insufficiently taken into account within the existing KG approaches. Furthermore, Peltokorpi and Tsuyuki (2006) warn that while project-based structures facilitate knowledge creation, they can hinder knowledge retention and sharing without adequate governance mechanisms. Accordingly, the application of knowledge governance mechanisms is argued to maximize the benefits of knowledge processes in PBOs . The present paper therefore aims to propose a conceptualization of KG and to use this approach to define KG in PBOs that accounts for the specific project-based context and characteristics (for example, project orientation, project portfolios, programs, project management offices, steering groups, boards of directors, and projects) in order to allow for coordination of knowledge processes between projects as well as between project and parent organization. KG provides a theoretical platform that systematically captures interactions between macro (organizational antecedents and constructs) and micro (individual conditions and behaviors)- levels within the organization. We refer to knowledge processes as an overarching term to describe knowledge capture, sharing, integration and creation.
This study aims to examine KG in relation to the specific
nature of PBOs through a literature review. Our two research questions are:
1. How can knowledge governance be conceptualized in projectbased organizations?
2. How is knowledge governance defined in relation to projectbased organizations?
The paper is organized as follows. The next section outlines the methodological approach undertaken in this research. This is followed by a section offering theoretical bases for KG, such as its relation to governance, organizational learning and knowledge management. We later discuss specific characteristics of PBOs and provide a better understanding of the KG foundation in the PBO context (i.e. our conceptualization of KG in PBOs). The paper then offers a definition of KG in PBOs, concluding that the specificity of PBOs requires a particular focus on KG practices and mechanisms used in this context.
Projects are a locus of attention for strategy implementation and organizational and project learning . Knowledge management processes have been utilized typically to explain and interpret learning in PBOs and ensure effective planning and implementation of projects. In this way knowledge sharing and creation have received much attention in the project literature. Although research has shown significant potential for improvement of knowledge and learning processes between the PBOs' sub-units in recent years, existing practices have been foundto be inappropriate or insufficient for these tasks. Yet, governance of these knowledge management activities has been largely ignored. Only recently KG has emerged as a new and evolving approach that addresses a number of central problems concerning knowledge processes in organizations. These issues have not yet been fully addressed, either in the field of knowledge management or within governance theories. KG was introduced to complement existing knowledge initiatives that focus solely on organizational macro constructs such as improving absorptive capacity, building capabilities and creating communities of practice.
The main criticism is that scholars neglect individual micro-level conditions and behaviors, which resultsin vague and imprecise ideas about macro-level organizational constructs . Therefore KG attempts to comprehend how micro- and macro-level constructs interact and move organizations towards desired levels and directions (i.e. reach set knowledge-based goals) through the use of various KG mechanisms .
The current understanding of KG builds on the organizational and management studies of mainly. However, a coherent and clear understanding of KG and its interpretation in the world of projects requires further development. Projects differentiate from regular operations and organizations dealing with multiple projects face particular challenges that need to be further explored. Previously, KG researchers have examined the subject mainly on a broad, general level that does not account for the particularities
of organizations designed for and around projects. PBOs here are used as a broad term including projectified, project-based, project-led and project-oriented organizations.
There is a large variety of PBOs and our aim in defining them in this research is to include all possible forms. The common and significant characteristic of these organizations is their use
of projects as a way of doing business. In this paper, the term PBO includes firms that acknowledge project work and carry out most of their activities in projects, as well as organizations that use projects as a strategic means for differentiation. The PBO may be a standalone organization or a subsidiary of a larger corporation , or sometimes interwoven in complex postbureaucratic organizational structures. PBO-specific characteristics mainly stem from the temporality of PBOs' building blocks of their business; that is, projects and their impact on various organizational elements such as structure, structural complexity, and difficulties in learning .
KG has only recently entered the realm of projects. The existing literature suggests
that the challenges faced by PBOs are insufficiently taken into account within the existing KG approaches. Furthermore, Peltokorpi and Tsuyuki (2006) warn that while project-based structures facilitate knowledge creation, they can hinder knowledge retention and sharing without adequate governance mechanisms. Accordingly, the application of knowledge governance mechanisms is argued to maximize the benefits of knowledge processes in PBOs . The present paper therefore aims to propose a conceptualization of KG and to use this approach to define KG in PBOs that accounts for the specific project-based context and characteristics (for example, project orientation, project portfolios, programs, project management offices, steering groups, boards of directors, and projects) in order to allow for coordination of knowledge processes between projects as well as between project and parent organization. KG provides a theoretical platform that systematically captures interactions between macro (organizational antecedents and constructs) and micro (individual conditions and behaviors)- levels within the organization. We refer to knowledge processes as an overarching term to describe knowledge capture, sharing, integration and creation.
This study aims to examine KG in relation to the specific
nature of PBOs through a literature review. Our two research questions are:
1. How can knowledge governance be conceptualized in projectbased organizations?
2. How is knowledge governance defined in relation to projectbased organizations?
The paper is organized as follows. The next section outlines the methodological approach undertaken in this research. This is followed by a section offering theoretical bases for KG, such as its relation to governance, organizational learning and knowledge management. We later discuss specific characteristics of PBOs and provide a better understanding of the KG foundation in the PBO context (i.e. our conceptualization of KG in PBOs). The paper then offers a definition of KG in PBOs, concluding that the specificity of PBOs requires a particular focus on KG practices and mechanisms used in this context.
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