unfortunately the take-up in the western world is low due to the low patient acceptability of stool
samples. However, a wide range of cancers have been distinguished from each-other and healthy controls
by detecting the gas/volatile content emanating patient biological media. Dysbiosis afforded by certain
disease states may be expressed in the volatile content of urine – a reflection of the gut bacteria′s me-
tabolic processes. A new electronic nose instrument was developed at the University of Warwick to
measure the gas/volatile content of urine headspace, based on an array of 13 commercial electro-che-
mical and optical sensors. An experimental setup was arranged for a cohort of 92 urine samples from
patients of colorectal cancer (CRC), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and controls to be run through the
machine. Features were extracted from response data and used in Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)
plots, including a full 3-disease classification and one focussing on distinguishing CRC from IBS. The latter
case was tested by the success of re-classification using an (n