sugar = TRS – (glucose + galactose). The concentrations of monosugars
(glucose and galactose) and chemicals (5-HMF and LA) were
analyzed using an HPLC system (Agilent 1100, USA) equipped with
a refractive index detector and an Aminex-87H column (Bio-Rad,
USA). The HPLC operation parameters were 65 C oven temperature,
5 mM sulfuric-acid mobile phase, and 0.6 mL/min flow rate