Pollock and colleagues (Pollock, 1993; Pollock,
Christian, & Sands, 1990) used the RAM as the theoretical framework for integrating the major
variables of chronicity, stress, hardiness, and adaptive behavior. Chen (2005) tested the fit of
the RAM as a framework for studying the nutritional health and adaptation of communitydwelling
elders. Stuifbergen and colleagues (2000) developed the “Model of Health Promotion
and Quality of Life in Chronic Disabling Conditions” that associates optimal self-management
with quality of life.