As shown in Table 3, liquefied oils have much lower oxygen and moisture contents, and consequently much higher energy value, as compared to oils from fast pyrolysis. The corresponding HHV of liquefied oil from swine manure is 36.05 MJ/kg, which about 90% of that of heavy fuel oil (40 MJ/kg). The properties of bio-oil from both processes are significantly different from heavy petroleum fuel oil. Compared with heavy petroleum fuel oil, the bio-oils have the following undesired properties for fuel applications:
(1) high water content (2) high viscosity (3) high ash content (4) high oxygen content (low heating value) (5) high corrosiveness (acidity)