depending on which the premium is multiplied by a coefficient. The basic coefficient is 1 and it corresponds to the reference premium of the
insurance company. If the bonus-malus coefficient is lower than this value, a bonus is applied,
and if it is higher, a malus is considered. More specifically, the French bonus-malus system
involves a malus of 25% for a claim declared and a bonus of 5% for the non-declaration of any
claims in the reference period, usually a year. In this way, the system aims the encouragement
of prudent insured drivers and the discouragement of those who, for various reasons, register
severe losses. In the studied portfolio, the calculations corresponding to the bonus-malus
coefficient are already generated, registering negative and positive values, which indicate a
decrease or an increase of the insurance premium, respectively.