Chronic renal failure is a recognized complication of organ transplantation. Calcineurin-inhibitor therapy, a key component of immunosuppressive regimens for patients undergoing transplantation, has been implicated as a principal cause of post-transplantation renal dysfunction, which may lead to severe tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and focal hyalinosis of small renal arteries and arterioles. Furthermore, renal disease before transplantation, perioperative hemodynamic insults to the kidneys, nephrotoxic effects of other drugs, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus can all contribute to chronic renal failure in recipients of nonrenal organs.