A 5-point semantic differential scale was adopted because it allowed neutrality and had enough
gradations to allow for meaningful data and was not too tiresome for respondents. The ratings
1-2 represented negative perceptions towards learning, 3 represented neutral perceptions, and
4-5 represented positive perceptions. A 5-point Likert scale was adopted with 1 representing
‘strongly disagree’ and 5 ‘strongly agree.’ Additionally, the questionnaire asked the participants
their perceptions in terms of ‘before’ and ‘after’ participation in HRD in CSR activities.