A. Medical Sensing
There is a long history of using sensors in medicine and
public health [2], [74]. Embedded in a variety of medical
instruments for use at hospitals, clinics, and homes, sensors
provide patients and their healthcare providers insight into
physiological and physical health states that are critical to the
detection, diagnosis, treatment, andmanagement of ailments.
Much of modern medicine would simply not be possible nor
be cost effective without sensors such as thermometers, blood
pressure monitors, glucose monitors, electrocardiography
(EKG), photoplethysmogram (PPG), electroencephalography
(EEG), and various forms of imaging sensors. The ability to
measure physiological state is also essential for interventional
devices such as pacemakers and insulin pumps.