Fourthly, computational modeling makes model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (O’Doherty et al., 2007.See also Huettel, 2012) and electroencephalography (EEG) (Larsenand O’Doherty, 2014) possible, which moves observations from the behavioral and cognitive level down to the underlying neural level. Briefly speaking, in model-based fMRI and EEG, a computational model is first fit to observed behaviors, and the best-fitting model is regressed against the fMRI data of blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) or EEG signal changes over time.