formations of 5-HMF and LA at different catalyst
loadings. With catalyst-loading increases up to 10%, the concentration
of 5-HMF was increased, whereas only small amounts of
LA were formed. With a further addition of catalyst, to the 20%
loading, the concentrations of 5-HMF and LA were 8.89 g/L and
0.88 g/L, respectively. This high 5-HMF formation was a function
of the high concentration of galactose produced by the high catalyst
loading, as galactose, it is well known, is more easily degraded
to 5-HMF than is glucose (Jeong and Park, 2010; Jeong et al., 2014).
Also, it is known that higher concentrations of acid might further