With those which the school seeks to develop. there is a great need for seeking to modify the environment of the youngster throughout his experience in order to help him develop desirable social attitudes. this mean increasing the degree of consistency of the environment and helping to reinforce the emphasis upon social rather than selfish attitudes.
It is particularly possible for the school to develop a more unified school environment in order to develop attitudes. If the faculty examines the thing that are taken for granted in the points of view of staff member, in the rules and regulations and practices of the school it is often possible to modify those markedly so as to develop a more unified environment that will help to emphasize social attitudes.
One common tendency in certain communities has tended to break down rather than to develop social attitudes; that is, a failure to consider the nature of the social structure existing outside the school and the assumption that the points of view of the middle class old American teachers were the desirable points of view even though they may be sharply in conflict with the social environment provided by various family and ethnic group, and social class groups in the community. By strengthening the positive social attitudes in the community and making the school consistent with them rather than arbitrarily enforcing a particular set of view held by a given group of teachers, it is often possible to get a much greater degree of unity in the environment of children and hence to increase the development of social attitudes with them.
A second weakness to be overcome in many school is the existence of antisocial conditions in the school. The acceptance of certain cliques, the intensification of social class line within the school through the information social organization and through the treatment the teacher give the different types of children may often develop selfish attitudes Without our having boon conscious of it. A careful examination of the school environment will suggest many possibilities for using it to develop desirable attitudes.
In developing attitudes through the use of experiences which have satisfying emotional concomitants, it is important to provide opportunity for the student to behave in the way desired and to get satisfaction from it. For example, if elementary school an effort is made to develop better, more social attitudes toward other racial group, it is important to provide experiences in which children have a chance to share with children of other racial groups, to serve and to be served by them, but in situations that give a good deal of satisfaction from this type of sharing, that give and take. If the children have planned a party together and have the satisfaction from getting the thing carried through successfully, that is one illustration of setting up an experience in in which he desired social attitudes can be reflected and satisfactions can be obtained at the same time.
In using intellectual processes to develop social attitudes, the experiences should be such as to provide a broad analysis of social situations, to develop, first, understanding and then the desirable attitudes. In some cases, a frontal attack upon some kinds of social problems is not possible. If the students have prejudices and stereotyped conceptions, these may inhibit their understanding and they fail to see the logic of the social view. In this connection, it is often useful to give students a chance to get first-hand experience with the problem, to see for themselves the serious nature of unemployment, for example, in order to get a sincere hearing for possible ways of dealing with such a problem. Literature or motion pictures may often give a personal view of some kind of social situation that would not be gained by sheer study of the data alone. By the use of these methods, problem areas can be opened up for study. Then when there is clear understanding of the situation, it is possible to help students to develop attitudes as they see the implications of the points of view they hold. Finally, in such a program of developing attitudes through intellectual processes, it is desirable periodically for students to review their conduct in a particular area, to help to check with the goals to which they give lip service, to see how far their own behavior is in harmony with what they profess to believe. This kind of periodic review helps also to influence and develop attitudes. It should be clear that there is no way by which persons can be forced to have different attitudes. Shifts in attitudes grow out of the student’s change in view and this comes from either a new insight or new knowledge about the situation or from the satisfaction or dissatisfaction he has obtained from particular view previously held or a combination of these procedures. Learning experiences, then are set up so as to provide these kinds of opportunities for insight and for satisfactions.
4. learning experiences helpful in developing interests.
Interests are of concern in education both as ends and means; that is, as objective and as motivating forces in connection with experiences to attain objectives. At this point, however, we are considering interests as a type of objective. Interests are because what one is interested in largely determines what he attends to and frequently what he does. Hence, interests tend to focus behavior in particular direction rather than in others and as such are powerful determiners of the kind of person anyone is.
The basic requirement of learning experiences designed to develop interests is that they enable the student to derive satisfactions from the area of experience in which the interest is to be developed. Hence, learning experiences to develop interests should give students an opportunity to explore the areas in which interests are to be developed and to have satisfying results from these explorations. Satisfaction may grow out of several sources. There are so-called fundamental satisfactions which seem to be basic to all people. These include such things as the satisfaction from social approval; the satisfaction from meeting physical needs such as food, rest, and the like; satisfaction from success, that is, achieving one’s aspirations and so on. Wherever possible, then learning experiences which provide a chance for the student to obtain these fundamental satisfactions are also likely to develop interests in these activities.
A second basis upon which an activity can be satisfying is to have it linked with some other experience which is satisfying. The use of emotionally charged symbols, the setting of an individual activity in the context of a social activity are illustrations of trying to link a particular activity which is not in itself fundamentally satisfying with something which is satisficing so that the emotional effect will carry over and develop satisfaction in the thing that is linked with it. Hence, youngsters who do not get fundamental satisfactions from reading, for example, may be led to enjoy reading through setting it in a social situation which is satisfying or in connecting the reading with other enjoyable experiences.
With youngster children who are in good health, the need for activity can largely be counted on to support the satisfaction in wide explorations of various kinds of activity. Until their interests have been narrowed and channeled, they are likely to get satisfaction from sheer sensations and from variety of free activity. Satisfaction of curiosity is also satisfying for younger age groups to count much more heavily upon sheer exploration as providing the basis for increased satisfaction as long as the exploration does not negate fundamental satisfactions as, for example, giving the student a sense of failure or being laughed at, or in other ways making the activity distasteful because it gives him negative results.
81 Types of earning Experiences
The most difficult problem is setting up learning experiences to try to make interesting a type of activity which has become boring or distasteful to the student. Such an activity does not become interesting through sheer repetition. It is necessary to use a new approach in order to shift interest. The new approach may involve using totally different materials or it may involve putting the learning experience in a totally new context which is enjoyable to the student.
Perhaps these four illustrations are enough to suggest the way in which one can work out a list of characteristics relating to the learning experiences that can be used in connection with each major kind of objective. In curriculum planning this kind of analysis should be made for each type of
Behavioral objective. Such an analysis will help to clarify further the definitions of behavior and will help greatly in the selection of learning experiences.
The fact that there are many learning experiences which can be used to attain a given objective and that same experience can often be used to attain several objectives means that the process of planning learning experiences is not a mechanical method of setting down definitely prescribed experiences for each particular objective. Rather, the process is a more creative one;
as the teacher considers the desired objectives and reflects upon the kinds of experiences that can occur him or that he has heard others are using, he begins to form in his mind a series of possibilities of things that might be done, activities that might be carried on, materials that might be used. As these take shape, it would be well to write them down as possible learning experiences. As they are written down, they might be outlined in more detail to indicate what they would include. Such a tentative draft of certain learning experiences should then be checked carefully against the desired objectives to see first whether or not the proposed experiences an opportunity for the
With those which the school seeks to develop. there is a great need for seeking to modify the environment of the youngster throughout his experience in order to help him develop desirable social attitudes. this mean increasing the degree of consistency of the environment and helping to reinforce the emphasis upon social rather than selfish attitudes.
It is particularly possible for the school to develop a more unified school environment in order to develop attitudes. If the faculty examines the thing that are taken for granted in the points of view of staff member, in the rules and regulations and practices of the school it is often possible to modify those markedly so as to develop a more unified environment that will help to emphasize social attitudes.
One common tendency in certain communities has tended to break down rather than to develop social attitudes; that is, a failure to consider the nature of the social structure existing outside the school and the assumption that the points of view of the middle class old American teachers were the desirable points of view even though they may be sharply in conflict with the social environment provided by various family and ethnic group, and social class groups in the community. By strengthening the positive social attitudes in the community and making the school consistent with them rather than arbitrarily enforcing a particular set of view held by a given group of teachers, it is often possible to get a much greater degree of unity in the environment of children and hence to increase the development of social attitudes with them.
A second weakness to be overcome in many school is the existence of antisocial conditions in the school. The acceptance of certain cliques, the intensification of social class line within the school through the information social organization and through the treatment the teacher give the different types of children may often develop selfish attitudes Without our having boon conscious of it. A careful examination of the school environment will suggest many possibilities for using it to develop desirable attitudes.
In developing attitudes through the use of experiences which have satisfying emotional concomitants, it is important to provide opportunity for the student to behave in the way desired and to get satisfaction from it. For example, if elementary school an effort is made to develop better, more social attitudes toward other racial group, it is important to provide experiences in which children have a chance to share with children of other racial groups, to serve and to be served by them, but in situations that give a good deal of satisfaction from this type of sharing, that give and take. If the children have planned a party together and have the satisfaction from getting the thing carried through successfully, that is one illustration of setting up an experience in in which he desired social attitudes can be reflected and satisfactions can be obtained at the same time.
In using intellectual processes to develop social attitudes, the experiences should be such as to provide a broad analysis of social situations, to develop, first, understanding and then the desirable attitudes. In some cases, a frontal attack upon some kinds of social problems is not possible. If the students have prejudices and stereotyped conceptions, these may inhibit their understanding and they fail to see the logic of the social view. In this connection, it is often useful to give students a chance to get first-hand experience with the problem, to see for themselves the serious nature of unemployment, for example, in order to get a sincere hearing for possible ways of dealing with such a problem. Literature or motion pictures may often give a personal view of some kind of social situation that would not be gained by sheer study of the data alone. By the use of these methods, problem areas can be opened up for study. Then when there is clear understanding of the situation, it is possible to help students to develop attitudes as they see the implications of the points of view they hold. Finally, in such a program of developing attitudes through intellectual processes, it is desirable periodically for students to review their conduct in a particular area, to help to check with the goals to which they give lip service, to see how far their own behavior is in harmony with what they profess to believe. This kind of periodic review helps also to influence and develop attitudes. It should be clear that there is no way by which persons can be forced to have different attitudes. Shifts in attitudes grow out of the student’s change in view and this comes from either a new insight or new knowledge about the situation or from the satisfaction or dissatisfaction he has obtained from particular view previously held or a combination of these procedures. Learning experiences, then are set up so as to provide these kinds of opportunities for insight and for satisfactions.
4. learning experiences helpful in developing interests.
Interests are of concern in education both as ends and means; that is, as objective and as motivating forces in connection with experiences to attain objectives. At this point, however, we are considering interests as a type of objective. Interests are because what one is interested in largely determines what he attends to and frequently what he does. Hence, interests tend to focus behavior in particular direction rather than in others and as such are powerful determiners of the kind of person anyone is.
The basic requirement of learning experiences designed to develop interests is that they enable the student to derive satisfactions from the area of experience in which the interest is to be developed. Hence, learning experiences to develop interests should give students an opportunity to explore the areas in which interests are to be developed and to have satisfying results from these explorations. Satisfaction may grow out of several sources. There are so-called fundamental satisfactions which seem to be basic to all people. These include such things as the satisfaction from social approval; the satisfaction from meeting physical needs such as food, rest, and the like; satisfaction from success, that is, achieving one’s aspirations and so on. Wherever possible, then learning experiences which provide a chance for the student to obtain these fundamental satisfactions are also likely to develop interests in these activities.
A second basis upon which an activity can be satisfying is to have it linked with some other experience which is satisfying. The use of emotionally charged symbols, the setting of an individual activity in the context of a social activity are illustrations of trying to link a particular activity which is not in itself fundamentally satisfying with something which is satisficing so that the emotional effect will carry over and develop satisfaction in the thing that is linked with it. Hence, youngsters who do not get fundamental satisfactions from reading, for example, may be led to enjoy reading through setting it in a social situation which is satisfying or in connecting the reading with other enjoyable experiences.
With youngster children who are in good health, the need for activity can largely be counted on to support the satisfaction in wide explorations of various kinds of activity. Until their interests have been narrowed and channeled, they are likely to get satisfaction from sheer sensations and from variety of free activity. Satisfaction of curiosity is also satisfying for younger age groups to count much more heavily upon sheer exploration as providing the basis for increased satisfaction as long as the exploration does not negate fundamental satisfactions as, for example, giving the student a sense of failure or being laughed at, or in other ways making the activity distasteful because it gives him negative results.
81 Types of earning Experiences
The most difficult problem is setting up learning experiences to try to make interesting a type of activity which has become boring or distasteful to the student. Such an activity does not become interesting through sheer repetition. It is necessary to use a new approach in order to shift interest. The new approach may involve using totally different materials or it may involve putting the learning experience in a totally new context which is enjoyable to the student.
Perhaps these four illustrations are enough to suggest the way in which one can work out a list of characteristics relating to the learning experiences that can be used in connection with each major kind of objective. In curriculum planning this kind of analysis should be made for each type of
Behavioral objective. Such an analysis will help to clarify further the definitions of behavior and will help greatly in the selection of learning experiences.
The fact that there are many learning experiences which can be used to attain a given objective and that same experience can often be used to attain several objectives means that the process of planning learning experiences is not a mechanical method of setting down definitely prescribed experiences for each particular objective. Rather, the process is a more creative one;
as the teacher considers the desired objectives and reflects upon the kinds of experiences that can occur him or that he has heard others are using, he begins to form in his mind a series of possibilities of things that might be done, activities that might be carried on, materials that might be used. As these take shape, it would be well to write them down as possible learning experiences. As they are written down, they might be outlined in more detail to indicate what they would include. Such a tentative draft of certain learning experiences should then be checked carefully against the desired objectives to see first whether or not the proposed experiences an opportunity for the
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