Unit 1: Tenses
1. Present Tense A/V-(스)ㅂ니다
(used in formal/public situation: military,
news,
presentations, meetings, lectures)
+ ㅂ니다 = Declarative
+ ㅂ니까? = Interrogative
2. Present Tense A/V-아/어요
(used most in daily life: with family, friends,
close acquaintences)
Declarative + Interrogative = the same
Present + Progressive + Near Future = the
same
예요 = previous vowel (no 받침)
이예요 = previous consonant (with 받침)
3. Past Tense A/V-았/었어요
하다 = 하+였어요 = 했어요
였어요 = previous vowel (no 받침)
이었어요 = previous consonant (with 받침)
가 아니었어요 = NOT sent with vowel (no 받침)
이 아니었어요 = NOT sent with consonant (with
받침)
4. Future Tense V-(으)ㄹ 거예요(1)
“Will” or “is going to”
5. Progressive Tense V-고 있다(1)
“~ing”(don’t use with past tense)
6. Past Perfect Tense A/V-았/었었어요
“did/had in the past”
Expresses a past occurrence that doesn’t
continue.
Unit 2: Negative Expressions
1. Word Negation
이다 = 아니다 (use 이/가 when written, not
spoken)
있다 = 없다
알다 = 모르다
2. 안 A/V-아/어요 (A/V-지 않아요)
“Not” - negates an action or state
안 = before verb/adjective
~지 않아요 = end of verb/adjective stem
Declaractive & Interrogative sentences = OK
Imperative & Propositive sentences = NO (use ~
마세요)
3. 못 V-아/어요 (V-지 못해요)
“Cannot” - shows a lack of ability (impos-
sible)
못 = before verb (no adjectives)
~지 못해요 = end of verb stem (no adjectives)