Non-market effects of education increase as individuals use human capital at home or in the community and not
in the labour market. Part of the non-market "returns" in education are private, such as health (part A-2), but some of
them are pure public goods or "non competitive goods” such as public health, public television or benefits of
democracy, human rights and political stability (the A-3 area). These are goods that are applied the exclusion
principle. The consumption rate of an individual usually does not diminish the consumption rate of the others.
Barry Chiswick (1974) shows that the inequality in the educational level is directly related to the income
inequality and therefore the improvement in education would be a levelling factor. In the work „Income Inequality:
Regional analysis within a Human Capital Framework”, the same author, using a different variable for education,
namely the interaction between the rate of return on investment in education and the educational variation, in the
examination of the income inequality in the United States and Canada around the 60s, found this interaction as
having a strong positive effect on income inequality. He established that income inequality is higher for a higher rate
of return on investment in education, but also because of the variation in the number of years of schooling. The same
author notes that regional differences in the income levels of the workers are correlated with the differences in the
educational level.