While Hirsch tended to privilege the artistic creators of the raw material that will be passed through the system, those adopting the production of culture perspective have been explicitly opposed to the idea that cultural artefacts are simply the work of individual artists. One of the starting points for this approach is Howard 1976). Becker had argued that works of art could be understood by conceptualizing them as 'the result of the co-ordinated activities of all the people whose co-operation is necessary in order that the work should occur as it does' (1976: 41).