The light absorption of photocatalysts was fully characterized
by UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV–vis, Varian Cary-100). The
specific surface area of photocatalyst was determined by N2
adsorption using Physisorption Analyzer (Micromeritics ASAP
2000). Powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Bruker-D8-ADVANCE)
was used to verify the crystalline structure of the photocatalysts.
The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific
Theta Probe) was used to determine the oxidation states of the elements.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM, Philips Tecnai F30
FEI) was performed to reveal the existence of Pt on the photocatalyst
surface at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV.