A brief history of OS
Content of this lecture
• The dark age (1945 – 55): no OS
• Batch systems (1955 – 65)
• Multiprogramming (1965 – 80)
• PC (and mobile) era (1980 – present)
The dark age
• ENIAC (1946): the first computer
• Only a single group of people designed and used it
• Protection and virtualization are not needed!
• How to Allocate and Reclaim computation time?
• Sign-up sheet on the wall!
Batch systems (1955-65)
• Background:
• At that time, computers are used only to “compute” (instead
of entertainments, etc.)
• Users write program using “punch card”
• Punch your program into cards
• Bring the cards to computer operators
• Come back after a day to get result
Batch systems (1955-65)
• OS:
• Read the first job from the tape
• Run it
• Write the output to another tape
• Read the next job and repeat the process
• Similar to the “sign-up sheet on the wall”, only now this
process is automated
Multiprogramming (1965-80)
• Problems with Batch systems?
• Responsiveness
• Do you want to wait for a day just to find out your program doesn’t
compile?
• Multiple users cannot concurrently access the computer
• Efficiency
• CPU is idle while the computer is doing I/O
• Multiprogramming
• Multiple tasks are performed during the same period of time
• As if they are executed concurrently
• Now multiple users can use the same machine simultaneously
MULTICS
• MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service
• Initiated by MIT, Bell Labs, and General Electric
• Designed to support hundreds of users on a machine far less
powerful than iPhone 5
• People knew how to write small, efficient programs in those
days
• Technically successful, but not so much commercially
• Bell Labs and GE dropped out before it was released
UNIX
• Written by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie from
Bell Labs on PDP-11 (1971)
• Project started because Ken wanted to play the “Space
Travel” game without MULTICS
• Originally named as “Unics” by Brian Kernighan
• In 1973, Ritchie invented C programming language to
ease the development of Unix
Linux
• In 1991, Linus Torvalds, then a student of Univ. of
Helsinki, wanted to learn OS
• But at that time, no free, open-source OS is available
• Decided to write his own OS and “open-source” it
• Open-source is the key behind its popularity today
PC-era (1980-present)
• IBM introduces PC in 1981, using Intel processors
• Looking for an OS for its PC
• At that time, an OS called CP/M is already working
on Intel CPUs
• Bill Gates initially suggested IBM to contract CP/M
• CP/M founder refused to meet with IBM
• IBM came back to Bill Gates, and he purchased an OS
named DOS (Disk Operating System), modified it, and
renamed it MS-DOS
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• The interface of the early OSes is command-line
• Researchers in Xerox-PARC built the first OS with
graphic user interface
• Steve Jobs visited PARC, saw the GUI, and used it in
Apple’s Lisa (1983), later Macintosh (1984)
• Microsoft introduced Windows in 1985
A brief history of OSContent of this lecture• The dark age (1945 – 55): no OS• Batch systems (1955 – 65)• Multiprogramming (1965 – 80)• PC (and mobile) era (1980 – present)The dark age• ENIAC (1946): the first computer• Only a single group of people designed and used it• Protection and virtualization are not needed!• How to Allocate and Reclaim computation time?• Sign-up sheet on the wall!Batch systems (1955-65)• Background:• At that time, computers are used only to “compute” (insteadof entertainments, etc.)• Users write program using “punch card”• Punch your program into cards• Bring the cards to computer operators• Come back after a day to get resultBatch systems (1955-65)• OS:• Read the first job from the tape• Run it• Write the output to another tape• Read the next job and repeat the process• Similar to the “sign-up sheet on the wall”, only now thisprocess is automatedMultiprogramming (1965-80)• Problems with Batch systems?• Responsiveness• Do you want to wait for a day just to find out your program doesn’tcompile?• Multiple users cannot concurrently access the computer• Efficiency• CPU is idle while the computer is doing I/O• Multiprogramming• Multiple tasks are performed during the same period of time• As if they are executed concurrently• Now multiple users can use the same machine simultaneouslyMULTICS• MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service• Initiated by MIT, Bell Labs, and General Electric• Designed to support hundreds of users on a machine far lesspowerful than iPhone 5• People knew how to write small, efficient programs in thosedays• Technically successful, but not so much commercially• Bell Labs and GE dropped out before it was releasedUNIX• Written by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie fromBell Labs on PDP-11 (1971)• Project started because Ken wanted to play the “SpaceTravel” game without MULTICS• Originally named as “Unics” by Brian Kernighan• In 1973, Ritchie invented C programming language toease the development of UnixLinux• In 1991, Linus Torvalds, then a student of Univ. ofHelsinki, wanted to learn OS• But at that time, no free, open-source OS is available• Decided to write his own OS and “open-source” it• Open-source is the key behind its popularity todayPC-era (1980-present)• IBM introduces PC in 1981, using Intel processors• Looking for an OS for its PC• At that time, an OS called CP/M is already workingon Intel CPUs• Bill Gates initially suggested IBM to contract CP/M• CP/M founder refused to meet with IBM• IBM came back to Bill Gates, and he purchased an OSnamed DOS (Disk Operating System), modified it, andrenamed it MS-DOSGraphical User Interface (GUI)• The interface of the early OSes is command-line• Researchers in Xerox-PARC built the first OS with
graphic user interface
• Steve Jobs visited PARC, saw the GUI, and used it in
Apple’s Lisa (1983), later Macintosh (1984)
• Microsoft introduced Windows in 1985
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