artificial distinctions are drawn between the individual and the social" (Peirce, 1995, pp.11) and that "affective factors are frequently socially constructed in inequitable relations of power, changing over time and space." (Peirce, 1995, pp.12). She argues that we should move away from describing the individual’s trait of motivation and use the concept of investment to better reflect the desire of the learner to speak the language in context with the socio-cultural factors that can influence this.