Subnational Constitutionalism in Germany Ulrich Karpen, University of Hamburg 1. The Basic Law, Germany's constitution, came into force on May 23 rd 1949, established the federal system as in integrative one. After a 12 year break Caused by the Hitler regime it re- Placed the Weimar Constitution of 1919 Which, just like its predecessor, the Imperial Consti- tution of 1871 had established a federal state Characterised by the principle of allegiance of the Federation in the relationship between the federal government and the Countries and between the Countries Themselves. While the federal state of the German Empire before 1806 came into existence by way of decentralization through the creation of autonomous individual states (Dutchies, principalities, ASO), the creation of the federal state in order in 1871 occurred in pre- cisely the opposite direction and Must Be Understood as a product of the amalgamation or AC cession of individual Countries , The Federal Republic of Germanyin terms of international law is identical with the Empire of 1871, the Countries States are in full sense. THUS Article 30 of the Basic Law (BL) lays down did the exercise of the state powers and the discharge of state functions is a matter for the Countries , Any divergence from this rule for the distribution of re- sponsibilities had to be laid down in the BL. Nevertheless, even during the early days of the Federal Republic there were Numerous Interconnections between the responsibilities of the Federal Government and the Countries , Ie no pure "dual federalism" as in the United States. The framework of responsibility in the field of EC legislation allowed the federal government from the very beginning to draw up detailed regulations did the search Countries hardly had any Freedom to make decisions Regarding Their Own Political program. 2. Germany Consists of 16 Countries , Including three city states (Hamburg, Bremen and Berlin). The size of the Countries Differs considerably. While the smallest Country , Bremen, has 680,000 inhabitants, the Largest Country , North Rhine-Westphalia, has more than 17.9 million inhabitants, ie more than 25 times as many as Bremen. The composition of the German population Which now Consists of 82.1 million people is Largely homogenous from the ethnic point of view. The German population is spread over a total area of 357,000 square kilometers. After 45 years of Political division due to the East-West conflict, the reunification of Germany Took Place in 1990 When the German Democratic Republic had collapsed politically and Economically.
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Five new Countries , Which were established on the territory of the former GDR, joined the Eleven of the "old" FRG and were covered by the Basic Law. 3. All subnational units, the Countries , Like the Federation, have full quality of states, namely the competence to self-organization, to Writing Their Own constitutions, jurisdiction and Cultural affairs, representation versus the Federation and other Countries , Fiscal autonomy and equal Treatment with all other Countries , Space Countries have to Fulfill the same tasks Regardless of Their size, number of inhabitants and economic or financial strength, and theyhave Equal Rights in Dealing with the Federation. It is THUS so called symmetric federalism, if one disregards the different weighting of votes in the Federal Council Which May Be Addressed as being the "Second Chamber" of parliament. Space Countries have Their Own constitutions, mostly "full con- stitutions "in the sense thatthey cover basic rights and organization and functions of the state. In fact, most of the constitutions of the Countries havebeen ADOPTED prior to the establishment of the Federal Republic and the coming into effect of the Basic Law (May 23 rd , 1949). Many of the Countries constitutions havebeen amended after the establishment of the Federal Republic, Following the mainlines of the BL. 4. In accor dance with the intentions of the founding fathers of the Constitution, the BL what Originally designed with a strongly Decentralised system of federalism in mind. The BL lists The tasks and responsibilities of the Federation. Conversely, This Means That all the tasks and Responsibilities Not Mentioned There Must Be Fulfilled by the Countries and the municipalities Which are part of the constitutional domain of the Countries , So the residual power of the federal system rests with the Countries and Their constitutions regulate On Their discharge. The Fédération tion is responsible for foreign relations, defense, aso Some matters - like schools, police ASO - are completely Call in the responsibility of the Countries , The Federation and the Countries are jointly responsible - as detailled in different participation in legislation and administration - For all the other tasks, and here the Federation takes precedence. This includes civil law, Criminal Law, Procedural Law, aso Generally speaking, the Federation prevails in legislation, the Countries prevail in administration. 5. The Countries can write Their Own constitutions and, in addition to that of the Federation, They alsohave Their Own constitutional jurisdiction. The BL is only bound Merely to create high mogenous constitutional structures. Their constitution must be in accor dance with the principals ples of the democratic and social state governed by the rule of law and must have a republican character (Article 28 BL). The Observation Of These principles can be Examined by the Federal Constitutional Court and, in the most extreme case, it can be enforced by Means of Federal compulsion (Article 37 BL). Apart from this, the Countries are free to choose Their Own System
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of government. The Countries can create Their Own organs of government and compliment the parliamentary system with processes of direct democracy. The direct election of the prime Minister in the Countries by the people would be permissible, but so far it has only been dis- cussed and hasnt been Introduced. All the members of government and senior civil servants in the Countries are elected or appointed. The Federation has no Possibility of influencing the Filling Of These positions. 6. As a rule, the constitutions of the Countries were drafted and passed by the Countries Parliament Vodka ment. The same procedure is true for amendments. In general, a two-third majority of the Members of the house is needed. In some Countries in addition a referendum is required. Even the initiative for amendment to be taken by a May referendum. The BL takes preference in any contradiction between the Federal and the Country Constitution (Article 31 BL). The Federal Government has no role in the Countries Adopting Constitution or Amending process. Amend- management of Countries Which constitutions are in conflict with protection of human dignity and hu- to rights, democracy, rule of law, social state principle and the Basic Elements of German federalism shall be inadmissible (Article 79, 28 BL). 7. The BL and the Countries Constitutions are very much homogenous. The Federation and the Countries all have parliamentary system of government based on the British model in Which the existence of the government, ie its formation and its continued existence, are dependent on the majority of the parliament. The decisions in favor of parliamentary systems were strongly Influenced by the negative experiences with the presidential system during the Weimar Repub- lic. The position of the chiefs of government, namely the Chancellor and the Countries Prime Minister, are strong since They Determine the general guidelines of policy. Most constitutions know the constructive veto of no confidence, ie the chief of government (and cabinet) are Dismissed, if parliament elects a successor by a vote of the majority of its members. There are differences as far as the form of democracy is Concerned. Whereas the BL is imprinted - with negligable exceptions - by the representative democracy, most Countries constitutions intro duced - namely after accession of the new Countries in the unification process in 1990 - differ- ent forms of direct democracy. Legislation, even Amendments of the Constitution, may be ini tiated by the people; Laws May Be Adopted By plebiscite. The Laws of election differentiate, Mostly Significantly (personal or list-voting system). Bavaria which the only Country Which had for fifty years a bicameral system Which then what abolished by a referendum. The city Countries Bremen men, Hamburg and Berlin are states and municipalities as well. This requires, of course, spe- cial constitutional provisions for organization and function of government.
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As a lesson from the inhumane system of National Socialism, the Founding Fathers of the BL and the Countries constitutions laid special emphasis on Guaranteeing individual human rights and civil rights Which are Directly applicable and binding on all state activities and may be enforced by the courts. Space Countries constitutions - except one - contain basic rights Catamarca Logues. They differed - Although always covering the classical bill of rights - very much in the Countries AS ADOPTED constitutions before the BL (1949). After Subsequent Amendments of Harmonization with the BL, nowadays the human rights sections of the Countries constitutions Widely are homogenous. Since the Countries are bound by the basic rights provisions of the BL and all German citizens enjoy them, the importance of Countries Basic rights is Understood as being limited. But Countries Constitutions can incorporate other or more extensive basic rights than the BL and some DO. This Applies, eg, to fields where the Countries have special Respon- bilities (culture, Internal Security). Some Countries constitutions contain basic rights in the Eco- nomic or social security spheres. Countries Basic rights, HOWEVER, must not be in contradiction to The BL and must not fall short of the minimum standard of the federal basic righ
รัฐธรรมนูญนิยม subnational ในเยอรมัน Ulrich Karpen มหาวิทยาลัย Hamburg 1 รัฐธรรมนูญพื้นฐานกฎหมาย ของเยอรมนี มาใช้บังคับในวันที่ 23 1949 พฤษภาคม ถนนก่อตั้งระบบสหพันธรัฐในหนึ่งแบบบูรณาการ หลังจากหยุดพัก 12 ปี Caused ด้วยระบอบฮิตเลอร์ มันใหม่วางรัฐธรรมนูญไวมาร์ค.ศ. 1919 ซึ่ง เหมือนรุ่นก่อน tution Consti อิมพีเรียล - ของ 1871 ได้ก่อตั้งรัฐ Characterised โดยใช้หลักการของการให้สัตยาบันของประเทศในความสัมพันธ์ ระหว่างรัฐบาลกลางและประเทศ และในประเทศเอง ของการ ในขณะรัฐของจักรวรรดิเยอรมันก่อนค.ศ. 1806 มาดำรงอยู่โดยวิธีการกระจายอำนาจการแพร่กระจายผ่านการสร้างเขตปกครองตนเองแต่ละรัฐ (Dutchies ราชรัฐ อาโซะ), การสร้างรัฐที่ในใบสั่งใน 1871 เกิดใน cisely ก่อนตรงข้ามกับทิศทางและต้องเข้าใจเป็นผลิตภัณฑ์ของการควบบริษัทหรือ AC cession ของแต่ละประเทศ เงื่อนไขสาธารณรัฐสหพันธ์ Germanyin ของกฎหมายระหว่างประเทศเป็นเหมือนกับจักรวรรดิของ 1871 อเมริกาประเทศอยู่ในความรู้สึกทั้งหมด ดังนั้น บทความ 30 ของพื้นฐานกฎหมาย (BL) วางลงไม่ได้ออกกำลังกายของอำนาจรัฐ และการปล่อยออกของฟังก์ชันสถานะเป็นเรื่องที่ประเทศ divergence ใด ๆ จากกฎนี้สำหรับการกระจายของใหม่ sponsibilities ได้วางลงใน BL. อย่างไรก็ตาม แม้ในช่วงแรก ๆ ของสหพันธ์สาธารณรัฐ มี Interconnections มากมายระหว่างความรับผิดชอบของรัฐบาลและประเทศ Ie ไม่บริสุทธิ์ "สองระบอบสหพันธรัฐ" ในสหรัฐอเมริกา กรอบของความรับผิดชอบด้านกฎหมาย EC ได้รัฐบาลจากการเริ่มต้นให้วาดรายละเอียดระเบียบไม่ได้ค้นหาประเทศแทบไม่ได้มีอิสระในการทำโปรแกรมเกี่ยวกับของพวกเขาเองทางการเมืองตัดสินใจ 2. เยอรมนีประกอบด้วยของ 16 ประเทศ รวมทั้งอเมริกาเมืองสาม (ฮัมบูร์ก เบรเมน และเบอร์ลิน) ขนาดของต่างประเทศมากขึ้น ขณะประเทศที่เล็กที่สุด เบรเมน 680000 คน ประเทศที่ใหญ่ที่สุด ไรน์-Westphalia มีกว่า 17.9 ล้านคน ie มากกว่า 25 ครั้งเป็นจำนวนมากเป็นเบรเมน องค์ประกอบของประชากรเยอรมันซึ่งขณะนี้ ประกอบด้วย 82.1 ล้านคนเป็นใหญ่ให้จากจุดมุมมองที่กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ ประชากรเยอรมันมีราดพื้นที่รวม 357,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร หลังจากปี 45 ฝ่ายทางการเมืองเนื่องจากความขัดแย้งตะวันออกตะวันตก พักที่เยอรมนีใช้ในปี 1990 เมื่อเดอะเยอรมันสาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยมียุบทางการเมือง และทางเศรษฐกิจหน้าที่ 2Five new Countries , Which were established on the territory of the former GDR, joined the Eleven of the "old" FRG and were covered by the Basic Law. 3. All subnational units, the Countries , Like the Federation, have full quality of states, namely the competence to self-organization, to Writing Their Own constitutions, jurisdiction and Cultural affairs, representation versus the Federation and other Countries , Fiscal autonomy and equal Treatment with all other Countries , Space Countries have to Fulfill the same tasks Regardless of Their size, number of inhabitants and economic or financial strength, and theyhave Equal Rights in Dealing with the Federation. It is THUS so called symmetric federalism, if one disregards the different weighting of votes in the Federal Council Which May Be Addressed as being the "Second Chamber" of parliament. Space Countries have Their Own constitutions, mostly "full con- stitutions "in the sense thatthey cover basic rights and organization and functions of the state. In fact, most of the constitutions of the Countries havebeen ADOPTED prior to the establishment of the Federal Republic and the coming into effect of the Basic Law (May 23 rd , 1949). Many of the Countries constitutions havebeen amended after the establishment of the Federal Republic, Following the mainlines of the BL. 4. In accor dance with the intentions of the founding fathers of the Constitution, the BL what Originally designed with a strongly Decentralised system of federalism in mind. The BL lists The tasks and responsibilities of the Federation. Conversely, This Means That all the tasks and Responsibilities Not Mentioned There Must Be Fulfilled by the Countries and the municipalities Which are part of the constitutional domain of the Countries , So the residual power of the federal system rests with the Countries and Their constitutions regulate On Their discharge. The Fédération tion is responsible for foreign relations, defense, aso Some matters - like schools, police ASO - are completely Call in the responsibility of the Countries , The Federation and the Countries are jointly responsible - as detailled in different participation in legislation and administration - For all the other tasks, and here the Federation takes precedence. This includes civil law, Criminal Law, Procedural Law, aso Generally speaking, the Federation prevails in legislation, the Countries prevail in administration. 5. The Countries can write Their Own constitutions and, in addition to that of the Federation, They alsohave Their Own constitutional jurisdiction. The BL is only bound Merely to create high mogenous constitutional structures. Their constitution must be in accor dance with the principals ples of the democratic and social state governed by the rule of law and must have a republican character (Article 28 BL). The Observation Of These principles can be Examined by the Federal Constitutional Court and, in the most extreme case, it can be enforced by Means of Federal compulsion (Article 37 BL). Apart from this, the Countries are free to choose Their Own Systemหน้า 3of government. The Countries can create Their Own organs of government and compliment the parliamentary system with processes of direct democracy. The direct election of the prime Minister in the Countries by the people would be permissible, but so far it has only been dis- cussed and hasnt been Introduced. All the members of government and senior civil servants in the Countries are elected or appointed. The Federation has no Possibility of influencing the Filling Of These positions. 6. As a rule, the constitutions of the Countries were drafted and passed by the Countries Parliament Vodka ment. The same procedure is true for amendments. In general, a two-third majority of the Members of the house is needed. In some Countries in addition a referendum is required. Even the initiative for amendment to be taken by a May referendum. The BL takes preference in any contradiction between the Federal and the Country Constitution (Article 31 BL). The Federal Government has no role in the Countries Adopting Constitution or Amending process. Amend- management of Countries Which constitutions are in conflict with protection of human dignity and hu- to rights, democracy, rule of law, social state principle and the Basic Elements of German federalism shall be inadmissible (Article 79, 28 BL). 7. The BL and the Countries Constitutions are very much homogenous. The Federation and the Countries all have parliamentary system of government based on the British model in Which the existence of the government, ie its formation and its continued existence, are dependent on the majority of the parliament. The decisions in favor of parliamentary systems were strongly Influenced by the negative experiences with the presidential system during the Weimar Repub- lic. The position of the chiefs of government, namely the Chancellor and the Countries Prime Minister, are strong since They Determine the general guidelines of policy. Most constitutions know the constructive veto of no confidence, ie the chief of government (and cabinet) are Dismissed, if parliament elects a successor by a vote of the majority of its members. There are differences as far as the form of democracy is Concerned. Whereas the BL is imprinted - with negligable exceptions - by the representative democracy, most Countries constitutions intro duced - namely after accession of the new Countries in the unification process in 1990 - differ- ent forms of direct democracy. Legislation, even Amendments of the Constitution, may be ini tiated by the people; Laws May Be Adopted By plebiscite. The Laws of election differentiate, Mostly Significantly (personal or list-voting system). Bavaria which the only Country Which had for fifty years a bicameral system Which then what abolished by a referendum. The city Countries Bremen men, Hamburg and Berlin are states and municipalities as well. This requires, of course, spe- cial constitutional provisions for organization and function of government.Page 4As a lesson from the inhumane system of National Socialism, the Founding Fathers of the BL and the Countries constitutions laid special emphasis on Guaranteeing individual human rights and civil rights Which are Directly applicable and binding on all state activities and may be enforced by the courts. Space Countries constitutions - except one - contain basic rights Catamarca Logues. They differed - Although always covering the classical bill of rights - very much in the Countries AS ADOPTED constitutions before the BL (1949). After Subsequent Amendments of Harmonization with the BL, nowadays the human rights sections of the Countries constitutions Widely are homogenous. Since the Countries are bound by the basic rights provisions of the BL and all German citizens enjoy them, the importance of Countries Basic rights is Understood as being limited. But Countries Constitutions can incorporate other or more extensive basic rights than the BL and some DO. This Applies, eg, to fields where the Countries have special Respon- bilities (culture, Internal Security). Some Countries constitutions contain basic rights in the Eco- nomic or social security spheres. Countries Basic rights, HOWEVER, must not be in contradiction to The BL and must not fall short of the minimum standard of the federal basic righ
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