Note that the interpretation of ex post evidence from components of earnings is complicated by a number of factors. First, if earnings management is not differentially concentrated in a subset of components of earnings, the effect of earnings management might be hard to detect in the conditional distributions of components of earnings. For example, individual firms might choose to manage only one component of earnings, but if different firms manage different components, there might be little or no effect on the cross-sectional distributions. Second, interdependencies among the components of earnings (illustrated by the results below) can alter the simple prediction about an upward shift in the managed component of income. For example, an increase in cash from operations through additional cash sales is likely to be accompanied by a decrease in working capital (inventory). Thus, the analysis for any single component of earnings should take into consideration the results for other related components of earnings. Finally, the analysis can be complicated by relations between ex ante costs and ex post values of components of earnings (also illustrated below).
Note that the interpretation of ex post evidence from components of earnings is complicated by a number of factors. First, if earnings management is not differentially concentrated in a subset of components of earnings, the effect of earnings management might be hard to detect in the conditional distributions of components of earnings. For example, individual firms might choose to manage only one component of earnings, but if different firms manage different components, there might be little or no effect on the cross-sectional distributions. Second, interdependencies among the components of earnings (illustrated by the results below) can alter the simple prediction about an upward shift in the managed component of income. For example, an increase in cash from operations through additional cash sales is likely to be accompanied by a decrease in working capital (inventory). Thus, the analysis for any single component of earnings should take into consideration the results for other related components of earnings. Finally, the analysis can be complicated by relations between ex ante costs and ex post values of components of earnings (also illustrated below).
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