The first change concerns the understanding of the nature of development. Early development efforts concentrated on the hardware of development, such as infrastructure, capital inputs and technology. The recent trend is to pay equal attention to the software of development, to institutions, processes and management (e.g. World Bank 1997), education and knowledge (World Bank 1998). Or indeed to argue that development is essentially human software development, as in the human development approach and the World Bank’s aspiration to the become a ‘Knowledge bank’. The emphasis on knowledge parallels the shift in the North towards the knowledge-intensity of production. It implies a major reorientation, from a general preoccupation with the external dimensions and façade of development (infrastructure, capital inputs) to its ‘inner’ conditions: from a one-dimensional to a multidimensional understanding of development. This includes environmental management as a learning process. ‘Sustainable development’ of now part of any approach to development, which presents the option of ‘anthropocentrism with a human face’ (Ariansen 1998).