As mentioned, batteries are very sensitive to over- and undervoltages as well as over-currents and temperatures outside of the specified operating window, so the main task of the safety management is supervision of these variables and protection of the batteries against these conditions. The safety management also includes the control of safety devices in the battery pack and evaluation of signals from those devices, e.g., battery pack terminal disconnection relays, insulation monitoring device, and fire extinguishing devices (if present). In the event of a crash of the vehicle or entering of a critical state of one or more cells, the safety management has to commence an emergency shutdown of the battery pack. Because an emergency shutdown of the battery pack will strand the vehicle, care must be taken to avoid unnecessary shutdowns by employing a robust, reliable system with a high fault-detection rate and excellent fault-avoidance and fault-handling mechanisms.