The Role of the Teacher in Relation to ICT and its Effect on Pedagogy Recent research into pedagogy and ICT in the UK was carried out by Moseley & Higgins (1999). It focused upon the teaching of numeracy and literacy in primary schools using ICT. The research drew upon school improvement methodologies and made use of a model of teaching and learning. The model regards pedagogy as being about teachers’ behaviours in the classroom. An important factor determining teachers’ behaviours, according to the model, is Pedagogical Content Knowledge, which is defined as ‘the blending of content and pedagogy into an understanding of how particular topics, problems, or issues are organised, represented and adapted to the diverse interests and abilities of learners, and presented for instruction’ (p. 10). Further characteristics of teaching and learning contained in the model come from the learners themselves and the context of the teaching and learning process. How ICT fits into this model depends upon whether teachers see ICT as changing the nature of their subject and the way it is understood, or whether ICT is seen as a tool for teaching another artefact in the classroom. Moseley & Higgins studied the attitudes of a small sample of teachers. They found that teachers who successfully made use of ICT had the following characteristics: o A positive rather than negative attitude towards ICT. Teachers who have positive attitudes towards ICT itself will be positively disposed towards using it in the classroom. o Pupil choice rather than teacher direction. Teachers who preferred directive styles of teaching tended to rate their own competence as low and made use of helpers with ICT. o Pupil empowerment as learners rather than pupils receiving instruction. o A preference for individual study rather than pupils receiving instruction. Bruner (1996) claims that all teachers have theories about how their students learn, which informs their approach to teaching. Bruner’s four models of pedagogy are: (1) the acquisition of ‘know how’, where children are imitative learners; (2) the acquisition of propositional knowledge, where children learn from didactic exposure; (3) the development of intersubjective interchange, where children are thinkers; and (4) the management of ‘objective knowledge’, where children are knowledgeable. It is possible to see pedagogies involving ICT in all four of these models. Heppell’s (1993) stages of development from Topicality to Surrogacy (where ICT is a